Chapter 10: Nervous System Flashcards
Cranial Nerve I
Olfactory
- smell
Cranial Nerve II
Optic
- vision
Cranial Nerve III
Occulomotor
- eye movement
Cranial Nerve IV
Trochlear
- eye movement
Cranial Nerve V
Trigeminal
- forehead and scalp sensation
- cheek sensation
- chewing
Cranial Nerve VI
Abducens
- eye movement
Cranial Nerve VII
Facial
- face and scalp movement
- taste
- ear sensation
Cranial Nerve VIII
Vestibulocochlear (auditory)
- hearing
- balance
Cranial nerve IX
Glossopharyngeal
- tongue and throat sensations
- throat movement
Cranial nerve X
Vagus
- peristalsis
- blood pressure
- heart rate
- coughing
- sneezing
Cranial Nerve XI
Accessory (spinal accessory)
- swallowing
- head and shoulders movements
Cranial nerve XII
Hypoglossal
- speech
- swallowing
Structure of the brain that deals with thinking, personality, sensations, movements, memory: _____________
Cerebrum
Structure of the brain that is the relay station (“triage center”) for sensory impulses; control of awareness and consciousness
Thalamus
Structure of the brain that controls body temperature, sleep, appetite, emotions; control of the pituitary gland: __________
Hypothalamus
Structure of the brain that deals with coordination of voluntary movements and balance
Cerebellum
Structure of the brain that functions as connection of nerve and nerve fiber pathways, including those to the eyes and face
Pons and midbrain
Structure of the brain that’s function is: nerve fibers cross over, left to right and right to left; contains centers to regulate heart, blood vessels, and respiratory system
Medulla oblongata
Collection is spinal nurse below the end of the spinal cord
Cauda equina
Neurotransmitter chemical released at the ends of nerve cells
Acetylcholine
Carries message toward the brain and spinal cord (sensory nerve).
Afferent nerve
Middle layer of the three membranes (meninges) that surround the brain and spinal cord.
Arachnoid membrane
Type of glial (neruoglial) cell that transports water and salts from capillaries in the nervous system
Astrocyte
Nerves that control, involuntary body functions of muscles, glands, and internal organs
Autonomic nervous system
Microscopic fiber that is part of a neuron and carries nervous impulse along the nerve cell
Axon
Protective separation between the blood and brain cells. This makes it difficult for substances (such as anti-cancer drugs) to penetrate capillary walls and enter the brain.
Blood-brain barrier
Posterior portion of the brain that connects the cerebrum with the spinal cord; includes the midbrain ponds and medulla oblongata
Brainstem
Part of a nurse cell that contains the nucleus
Cell body
Central Nervous System (CNS)
Brain and spinal cord
Posterior part of the brain that coordinates muscle movements and maintains balance
Cerebellum
Outer region of the cerebrum, containing sheets of nerve cells; gray matter of the brain
Cerebral cortex
Circulates throughout the brain and spinal cord
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
Largest part of the brain; responsible for voluntary muscular activity, vision, speech, taste, hearing, thought, and memory
Cerebrum
Nurse key messages to inform the branch to all parts of the head and neck and also (in the case of the vagus nerve) to other parts of the body. There are 12 pairs.
Cranial nerves
Microscopic, branching, fiber of a nerve cell (neuron) that is the first part to receive the nervous impulse
Dendrite
Thick, outermost layer of the meninges surrounding and protecting the brain and spinal cord
Dura mater
Carrie’s messages away from the brain and spinal cord; motor nerve
Efferent nerve
Glial cell that lines membranes within the brain and spinal cord, helps form cerebrospinal fluid
Ependymal cell
Collection of nerve cell bodies in the peripheral nervous system
Ganglion (plural: ganglia)
Supportive and connective nerve cell that does not carry nervous impulses.
Glial cell (neuroglial cell)
- astrocytes
- microglial cells
- ependymal cells
- oligodendrocytes
Sheet of nerve cells that produces round range on the surface of the cerebral cortex court; convolution
Gurus (plural: gyri)
Portion of the brain beneath the thalamus; control, sleep, appetite, body temperature, and secretions from the pituitary gland
Hypothalamus
Part of the brain, just above the spinal cord; controls, breathing, heart rate, and the size of blood vessels; nerve fibers cross over here
Medulla oblongata
Three protective membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord
Meninges
Phagocytic glial cell that removes waste products from the central nervous system
Microglial cell
Uppermost portion of the brainstem
Midbrain
Carrie’s message is away from the brain and spinal cord to muscles and organs that; efferent nerve
Motor nerve
Covering of white fatty tissue, that surrounds an insulates, the axon of a nerve cell. Impulse conduction along axons
Myelin sheath
Macroscopic cord-like collection of fibers (axons) that carry electrical impulses
Nerve
Nerve cell that is necessary for impulses to be carried throughout the nervous system; parenchyma of the nervous system
Neuron
Chemical messenger released at the end of a nerve cell. It stimulates, or inhibits another cell, which can be a nerve cell, muscle cell, or gland cell.
Neurotransmitter
Examples are:
- acetylcholine
- norepinephrine
- dopamine
- serotonin
Glial cell that forms the myelin sheath covering axons
Oligodendroglial cell
Involuntary autonomic nerves that regulate normal body function, such as heart rate, breathing, and muscles of the gastrointestinal tract
Parasympathetic nerves
Essential, distinguishing tissue of any organ or system.
Parenchyma (parenchyma of the nervous system includes the neurons and nerves that carry nervous impulses)
Nurse, outside the brain and spinal cord: cranial, spinal, and autonomic nerves
Peripheral nervous system
Thin, delicate inner membrane of the meninges
Pia mater
Large, interlacing network of nerves
Plexus (plural: plexuses) (examples are: lumbosacral, cervical, and brachial plexuses)
Part of the brain anterior to the cerebellum in between the medulla and the rest of the midbrain. It is a bridge connecting various parts of the brain.
Pons
Organ that receives and transmits a stimulus to sensory nerves. The skin, ears, eyes, and taste buds are examples.
Receptor
Nerve ending from the base of the spine down the thigh, lower leg, and foot
Sciatic nerve
Carrie‘s messages to where the brain and spinal cord for my receptor; afferent nerve
Sensory nerve
Pairs of nerves, arising one on each side of the spinal column. They transmit messages to and from the spinal cord.
Spinal nerves
Agent of change in the internal or external environment, that folks a response. It may be light, sound, touch, pressure, or pain.
Stimulus (plural: stimuli)
Connective and supporting tissue of an organ.
Stroma (glial cells make up the stromal tissue of the brain)
Depression, or groove in the surface of the cerebral cortex; fissure
Sulcus (plural: sulci)
Autonomic nerves that influence bodily functions involuntarily in times of stress
Sympathetic nerves
Space through which a nervous impulse travels between nerve cells or between nerve and muscle or glandular cells
Synapse
Main relay center of the brain. It conducts impulses between the spinal cord and the cerebrum; incoming sensory messages are relayed through this to appropriate centers in the cerebrum.
Thalamus
10th cranial nerve. It’s branches reached to the larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs, aorta, esophagus, and stomach. Unlike other cranial nerves, this nerve leaves the head and “wanders” into the abdominal and thoracic cavities.
Vagus nerve
Canals in the brain that contains cerebral spinal fluid. These are also found in the heart… They are the two lower chambers of the heart.
Ventricles of the brain
cerebell/o
Cerebellum
cerebr/o
Cerebrum
dur/o
Dura mater
encephal/o
Brain
gli/o
Glial cells
lept/o
Thin, slender
mening/o
meningi/o
Membranes,
Meninges
my/o
Muscle
myel/o
Spinal cord (means bone marrow in other contexts)
neur/o
Nerve
pont/o
Pons
radicul/o
Nerve root (of spinal nerves)
thalam/o
Thalamus
thec/o
Sheath (refers to the meninges)
vag/o
Vagus nerve (10th cranial nerve)
alges/o, -algesia
sensitivity to pain
-algia
Pain
caus/o
Burning
comat/o
Deep sleep (coma)
esthesi/o, -esthesia
Feeling, nervous sensation
kines/o, kinesi/o -kinesia, -kinesis, -kinetic
Movement
-lepsy
Seizure
lex/o
Word, phrase
-paresis
Weakness
-phasia
Speech
-plegia
Paralysis (loss or impairment of the ability to move parts of the body)
-praxia
Action
-sthenia
Strength
syncop/o
To cut off, cut short
tax/o
Order, coordination
Abnormal accumulation of fluid (CSF) in the brain
Hydrocephalus
Congenital defects in the lumbar spinal column caused by imperfect Union of vertebral parts (neural tube defect)
Spina bifida
Brain disorder marked by gradual and progressive mental deterioration, personality changes, and impairment of daily functioning
Alzheimer disease
Degenerative disorder of motor neurons in the spinal cord and brainstem
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)…also known as Lou Gehrig disease
Chronic brain disorder characterized by recurrent seizure activity
Epilepsy
Hereditary disorder marked by degenerative changes in the cerebrum leading to abrupt involuntary movements and mental deterioration
Huntington disease (Huntington’s)
Destruction of the myelin sheath on neurons in the central nervous system, and it’s replacement by plaques of sclerotic (hard) tissue
Multiple sclerosis (MS)
Autoimmune neuromuscular disorder characterized by weakness of voluntary muscles
myasthenia gravis (MG)
Paralysis (partial or complete loss of motor function)
Palsy
Degeneration of neurons in the basal ganglia, occurring in later life and leading to tremors, weakness of muscles, and slowness of movement
Parkinson’s disease (Parkinson’s)
Involuntary spasmodic, twitching movements; uncontrollable vocal sounds; and inappropriate words
Tourette syndrome (Tourette’s)
Viral infection affecting peripheral nerves
Herpes zoster (shingles)
Inflammation of the meninges
Meningitis
Brain disease and dementia occurring with AIDS
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) encephalopathy
Abnormal growth of brain tissue and meninges
Brain tumor
Type of traumatic brain injury caused by a blow to the head
Cerebral concussion
Bruising of brain tissue resulting from direct trauma to the head
Cerebral contusion
Disruption in the normal blood supply to the brain; stroke
Cerebrovascular accident (CVA)
Severe, recurring, unilateral, vascular headache
Migrane
