Chapter 5 - Consciousness

Question 1

What is sleep paralysis?

Answer 1

state of being unable to move just before falling asleep or right before waking up

Question 2

What percentile of college students has experienced sleep paralysis?

Answer 2

1/3-1/5

Question 3

What is consciousness?

Answer 3

our subjective experience of the world, our bodies and our mental perspectives

Question 4

What are some beliefs on why we sleep?

Answer 4

aids in learning, long-term memory formation, remembering emotional information, crucial for the immune system, energy conservation, etc.

Question 5

What is circadian rhythm?

Answer 5

cyclical changes that occur on a roughly 24-hour basis in many biological processes

Question 6

What is the biological clock?

Answer 6

term for the suprachiasmatic nucleus in the hypothalamus that’s responsible for controlling our levels of alertness

Question 7

How many neurons are located in the suprachiasmatic nucleus?

Answer 7

20,000

Question 8

How much sleep does everybody need?

Answer 8

newborns - 16 hrs
university students - 9 hhrs
most people - 7-10 hrs
people with DEC2 mutation (<1%) - 6 hrs
Elderly people - less then 6 hrs due to disrupted sleep habits

Question 9

What are some of the effects of sleep deprivation?

Answer 9

weight gain, depression, decreased immune system, etc

Question 10

What is rapid eye movements (REM)?

Answer 10

Darting of the eyes under closed eyelids during sleep

Question 11

What is Non-REM sleep?

Answer 11

Stages 1-4 of the sleep cycle, during which rapid eye movements do not occur and dreaming is less frequent and vivid

Question 12

How many stages of sleep are there?

Answer 12

5

Question 13

What happens in stage 1 of sleep?

Answer 13

It lasts around 5-10 minutes, produces theta waves

Question 14

What is Hypnagogic imagery?

Answer 14

Scrambled, bizarre and dream-like images that flit in and out of consciousness

Question 15

What is a myoclonic jerk?

Answer 15

Jerk of our limbs as if being startled or falling

Question 16

What happens in stage 2 of sleep?

Answer 16

It lasts 10-30 minutes, produces sleep spindles/k-complexes

Question 17

What percentage of our sleep do we spend up to in stage 2?

Answer 17

65%

Question 18

What occurs in stage 3/4 of sleep?

Answer 18

much more slowed-wave sleep, produces delta waves, crucial to feeling rested, suppressed by alcohol

Question 19

What percentile do delta waves appear in stage 3 of sleep?

Answer 19

20-50%

Question 20

What percentile do delta waves appear in stage 4 of sleep?

Answer 20

over 50%

Question 21

What happens in Stage 5 of sleep (REM sleep)?

Answer 21

Occurs for 10-20 minutes before sliding back to the beginning of the sleep cycle

Question 22

During REM sleep, what is the middle ear muscle activity?

Answer 22

It occurs when the muscles of the middle ear activate during REM sleep, almost like assisting us to hear in our dreams

Question 23

What is paradoxical sleep?

Answer 23

Term coined by scientists as another way of saying REM sleep, but also because our mind is active when our body is inactive

Question 24

What is REM behaviour disorder?

Answer 24

Condition where people act out their dreams due to their REM sleep not paralyzing them.

Question 25

What is lucid dreaming?

Answer 25

experience of becoming aware that one is dreaming

Question 26

What is Insomnia?

Answer 26

Difficulty falling/staying asleep

Question 27

What is Narcolepsy?

Answer 27

disorder characterized by the rapid and often unexpected onset of sleep

Question 28

What is Sleep Apnea?

Answer 28

A disorder caused by a blockage of the airway during sleep, resulting in daytime fatigue

Question 29

What are night terrors?

Answer 29

sudden waking episodes characterized by screaming, perspiring and confusion followed by a return to a deep sleep

Question 30

What is sleepwalking?

Answer 30

Walking while fully asleep

Question 31

What is sexsomnia?

Answer 31

act of engaging in sexual activity while being fully asleep

Question 32

How did Sigmond Freud describe dreams?

Answer 32

The guardians of sleep

Question 33

What was Sigmond Freud’s protection theory?

Answer 33

Dreams transform our sexual/aggressive instincts into symbols that represent wish fulfillment

Question 34

What is activation-synthesis theory?

Answer 34

A theory that dreams reflect inputs from the brain activation originating in the pons, which the forebrain then attempts to weave into a story

Question 35

What is neurocognitive theory?

Answer 35

A theory that dreams are a meaningful product of our cognitive capacities, which shape what we dream about

Question 36

What is the dream continuity hypothesis?

Answer 36

hypothesis that there is continuity between sleeping and waking experiences and that dreams can mirror life circumstances

Question 37

What is an out-of-body experience?

Answer 37

sense of our consciousness leaving our body

Question 38

What is Deja vu?

Answer 38

feeling of reliving an experience that’s new

Question 39

What are mystical experiences?

Answer 39

Feelings of unity or oneness with the world, often with strong spiritual overtones.

Question 40

What is Hypnosis?

Answer 40

Set of techniques that provides people with suggestions for alterations in their perceptions, thoughts and behaviours.