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Psychology 1000 > Chapter 2 - Research Methods > Flashcards

Chapter 2 - Research Methods Flashcards

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1
Q

What is facilitated communication?

A

It was a form of treatment for children with autism; the facilitator would help kids with autism with keyboards to type out their thoughts. It ended up being pseudoscientific because the facilitator’s hand movements actually made the child type out the thoughts of the facilitator and not their own

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2
Q

What is prefrontal lobotomy?

A

An old form of treatment for schizophrenia severed the neural fibres that connect the brain’s frontal lobes to the underlying thalamus. Instead of helping with schizophrenia, the procedure created more issues including extreme apathy.

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3
Q

What are the two modules of thinking?

A

Intuitive (quick) and Analytical (slow)

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4
Q

What is intuitive thinking?

A

fast, effortless, “snap judgement” thinking

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5
Q

What is analytical thinking?

A

Slower, requires effort, problem-solving way of thinking

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6
Q

What are heuristics?

A

Mental shortcuts allow people to solve problems and make judgements quickly/efficiently.

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7
Q

Naturalistic observation, case study, self-report measures, correlational design, and experimental design are all a part of what?

A

The scientific toolbox

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8
Q

What is naturalistic observation

A

Watching behaviour in real-world settings without trying to manipulate the situation

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9
Q

What is external validity?

A

The extent to which we can generalize findings to real-world settings

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10
Q

What is internal validity?

A

The extent to which we can draw cause-and-effect inferences from a study.

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11
Q

What is a case study?

A

studying 1/small groups of people for an extended period of time

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12
Q

What is Self-report and surveys?

A

Self-report measures abscess characteristics such as personality or mental illness, and surveys ask for opinions or abilities

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13
Q

What is random selection?

A

A procedure that ensures that every person in a population has an equal chance of being chosen to participate

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14
Q

What are the two types of evaluation measures?

A

Reliability and Validity

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15
Q

What is reliability?

A

consistency of measurement

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16
Q

What are the types of reliability?

A

test-retest, interrater,

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17
Q

What is test-retest reliability?

A

Form of reliability where a reliable questionnaire yields the same results over time.

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18
Q

What is interrater reliability?

A

The extent to which different people who conduct an interview or who make behavioural observations agree on the characteristics they’re measuring.

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19
Q

What is Validity?

A

The extent to which a measure assesses what it purports to measure

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20
Q

What are response sets?

A

The tendency of research participants to distort their answers to questionnaire items.

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21
Q

What is malingering?

A

Tendency to make ourselves appear psychologically disturbed with the aim of achieving a clear-cut personal goal

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22
Q

What is the halo effect?

A

The tendency of ratings of one positive characteristic to “spill over” to influence the ratings of other positive characteristics

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23
Q

What is the horns effect?

A

The tendency of ratings of one negative characteristic to “spill over” to influence the ratings of other negative characteristics

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24
Q

What are Correlational designs?

A

Examines the extent to which two variables are associated

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25
Q

What are the 3 types of correlation?

A

Positive, negative and zero

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26
Q

What is a positive correlation?

A

As the value of the variable changes, the other variable changes in the same direction.

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27
Q

What is a negative correlation?

A

As the value of a variable changes, the value of the other variable goes the opposite direction

28
Q

What is a zero correlation?

A

The two variables don’t move at all

29
Q

What is the range of the correlation coefficients?

A

-1.0 (perfectly negative) to +1.0 (perfectly positive)

30
Q

What is illusory correlation?

A

Perception of a statistical association between two variables where none exists

31
Q

What is Experimental design?

A

between group - 2+ non-overlapping groups given different treatments within.

32
Q

What is an experiment?

A

research design characterized by random assignment of participants to conditions and manipulation of an independent variable

33
Q

What is random assignment?

A

randomly sorting participants into groups

34
Q

What is an experimental group?

A

group that is manipulated in a study

35
Q

What is a control group?

A

Group that is NOT manipulated in a study

36
Q

What is between subject design?

A

researchers assign different groups to the control/experimental condition.

37
Q

What is within subject design?

A

Each participant acts as his/her own control

38
Q

What is an independent variable?

A

varaible that an experimenter manipulates

39
Q

What is a dependent variable?

A

variable that an experimenter measures to see whether the manipulation has an effect

40
Q

What is an operational definition?

A

working definition of what a researcher is measuring

41
Q

What is a confounding variable?

A

Any variable that differs between the experimental/control groups other than the independent variable.

42
Q

What is a placebo effect?

A

Improvement resulting from the mere expectation of improvement

43
Q

What is participant blindness?

A

patient is unaware of whether they are in the experimental or control group

44
Q

What is the nocebo effect?

A

harm resulting from the mere expectation of harm

45
Q

What is the experimenter expectancy effect?

A

Phenomenon in which researchers hypotheses lead them to unintentionally bias the outcome of the study

46
Q

What is double blindness?

A

when researchers nor participants are aware of who’s in what group

47
Q

What are demand characteristics?

A

Cues that participants pick up from a study allow them to generate guesses regarding the researcher’s hypotheses.

48
Q

What was the Tuskegee study?

A

1932-1972: Men injected with syphilis were not given treatment to study the disease; casualties ensued.

49
Q

Research ethics board, Informed consent, Protection from harm, Justification for deception, and Debriefing participants after the experiment are all examples of?

A

Ethical guidelines for human research.

50
Q

What is a research ethics board?

A

It consists of members who have expertise in both research and ethics. Every north American research college/university has one. Their goal is to protect participants from abuses.

51
Q

What is informed consent?

A

informing research participants of what is involved in a study before asking them to participate

52
Q

What is debriefing?

A

Process whereby researchers inform participants about what the study was about

53
Q

What are statistics?

A

application of mathematics to describe/analyze data

54
Q

What is descriptive statistics?

A

numerical characterizations that describe data

55
Q

What are the two main types of descriptive statistics?

A

central tendency and variability

56
Q

What is a central tendency?

A

measure of the “central” scores in a data set, or where the group tends to cluster

57
Q

What are the three measures of central tendency?

A

Mean, median and mode

58
Q

What is the mean?

A

Also known as the average, it is the total score divided by the number of people (85+82+86+87+95) = 435/5 = 87

59
Q

What is the median?

A

Middle of a data set

60
Q

What is the mode?

A

most frequent score in a data set

61
Q

What is variability?

A

measure of how loosely/tightly bunched scores are

62
Q

What is the range?

A

Difference between highest and lowest score

63
Q

What is standard deviation?

A

takes into account how far each data point is from the mean

64
Q

What are inferential statistics?

A

Mathematical methods that allow us to determine whether we can generalize findings from our sample to the full population

65
Q

What is a base rate?

A

how common a characteristic/behaviour is in the general population

Psychology 1000 (14 decks)

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