Chapter 5: Civil Rights and Puplic Policy

Question 1

Equality of results

Answer 1

Or equal rewards

Resources and materials are distributed equally

Question 2

14th amendment applies to inequality

Answer 2

Forbids denying anyone equal protection of the laws

Question 3

Equal protection of the laws

Answer 3

Part of the 14th amendment emphasizing that the law must provide equivalent protection to all people

Question 4

Three levels of scrutiny

Answer 4

Race classification
standard of review: inherently suspect (difficult to meet)
Gender classification
Standard: intermediate standard (moderately difficult to meet)
Other (age, wealth, etc.)
Standard: reasonableness (easy to meet)

Question 5

Era of slavery

Answer 5

From the start of slavery to civil war and 13th amendment

Question 6

Scott v. Standford

Answer 6

Era of slavery
Supreme Court decision ruling that a slave who had escaped to Freestate enjoyed no rights as a citizen and that Congress had no authority to ban slavery in the territories

Question 7

13th amendment

Answer 7

The constitutional amendment ratified after the Civil War that for bade slavery and involuntary servitude

Ends era of slavery

Question 8

Era reconstruction and resegregation

Answer 8

From civil war to start of legal prohibition of a few discriminatory practices
First 10 years- strict conditions of former confederate states
until Rutherford Hayes was elected and pulled the troops out of the south beginning resegregation

Question 9

Jim Crow laws

Answer 9

Reconstruction era & resegregation
Segregation laws on African Americans that relegated African-Americans to separate public facilities, school systems, and restrooms

Question 10

Plessy v. Ferguson

Answer 10

Era of reconstruction & resegregation

Constitutional justification for segregation requiring separate but equal accommodations

Question 11

Era of civil rights

Answer 11

From start of legal prohibition of a few discriminatory practices to later

Question 12

Brown v. Board of education

Answer 12

Supreme Court decision holding that school segregation was inherently unconstitutional because it violated the amendments guarantee of equal protection this case marked the end of legal segregation

Question 13

Equality of Oppertunity

Answer 13

Everyone has the same chance

But results vary

Question 14

Poll Taxes

Answer 14

Small taxes levied on the right to vote that often fell due at the time of the year when poor African-American sharecroppers at least cash in hand this method was used by Southern states to exclude African-Americans from voting

declared void by 24th amendment
Applied to states later in Harper v. Virginia

Question 15

White primary

Answer 15

One of the means used to discourage African-American voting the permitted political parties in the heavily Democratic south to exclude African-Americans from primary elections the sea priming them of the voice in the real contest

declared unconstitutional in 1944 in smith v. Allwright

Question 16

Shelby county v. Holder

Answer 16

Voting restrictions- read paper from class

Court held that Section 4 of the Voting Rights Act imposes current burdens that are no longer responsive to the current conditions in the voting districts in question

Question 17

Native Americans

Answer 17

Dawes Act- works to assimilate native Americans into mainstream

NARF- Native Americans Rights Fund to win land and hunting rights

Question 18

Hispanics

Answer 18

Hernandez v. Texas- extended protections from discrimination through 14th

(from brown v. Board maybe)

Question 19

Asian Americans

Answer 19

Korematsu v. US

Question 20

Arab Americans and Muslims

Answer 20

They have been subjected to increasing associates vandalism small and large since September 11 attacks

the FBI detains them in 2004 Scotus allows detainees the protection against suspension of writ of habeas corpus

Question 21

Doldrums

Answer 21

1920-1960
Did more to protect women then enforce equality shorter working hours (but also limits competition) reflected and reinforced additional gender roles give them more time at home
forced husband to pay child support
support traditional motherhood

Question 22

ERA

Answer 22

Equal rights amendment

Question 23

Second Feminist Wave

Answer 23

1950s and 60s

Question 24

Reed v. Reed

Answer 24

The landmark case in 1971 in which the Supreme Court for the first time I’ve held a claim of gender discrimination

Question 25

Craig v. Boren

Answer 25

In this 1976 ruling the Supreme Court establish the medium scrutiny standard for determining gender discrimination

Question 26

Women in the workplace- civil rights act of 1964

Answer 26

Band gender discrimination in employment

EEOC could sue employers suspected of illegal discrimination
in 1978 the pregnancy discrimination act
in 1991 the Civil Rights and Women’s Equity in Employment Act proof hiring practices are not discriminating

Question 27

Virginia Military Institution

Answer 27

1996 Scotus declared that Virginia’s categorical exclusion of women from education opportunities at the state funded VMI violated women’s rights equal protection of the law

Question 28

Sexual harassment

Answer 28

Unwelcome sexual advances, requests for sexual favors, verbal and physical conduct in a sexual nature
creates an unwelcome, intimidating, hostile, offensive, or uncomfortable work environment

Question 29

Old people

Answer 29

1975- deny funds to people discriminating against people over 40
Compulsory retirement at 70
Rational basis test

Question 30

People with disabilities

Answer 30

Americans with disabilities act
People with AIDS
are not considered disable if they’re able to function normally when they take their medicine

Question 31

Homophobia

Answer 31

Fear and hatred of homosexuals

Question 32

Don’t ask don’t tell

Answer 32

DADT

New policy that barred Pentagon for masking military recruits or service personnel to disclose their sexual orientation

Question 33

Regents of University of CA v. Bakke

Answer 33

Aff. action
A 1978 Scotus decision holding that a state university cannot admit less than qualified individual solely because of their race

but could consider it as an element
No quota

Question 34

Grutter v. Bollinger

Answer 34

Found that the law schools use of race as a plus in the admissions process was nearly tailored and that it made individualistic holistic admission reviews of applicants in a non mechanical fashion

In response Michigan banned aff. Action in 2006

Question 35

Adarand Constructors v. Pena

Answer 35

Aff. Action

1995 Scotus decision holding that federal programs that classify people by race even for an ostensibly benign purpose such as expanding opportunities for minorities should be presumed to be unconstitutional

Question 36

Reverse discrimination

Answer 36

argument that any race or gender discrimination is wrong even if it’s purpose is to rectify past injustices rather than to reinforce them