Chapter 3: Federalism

Question 1

Intergovernmental relations

Answer 1

The workings of the federal system- the entire set of interactions among national, state, and local governments

Question 2

Importance of Federalism

Answer 2

• decentralizes power
• layers allow more opportunities for political participation
• more access points allow for more ways to satisfy the public
• few sources of conflict at the national level (states make decisions)
• enhances judicial power because courts can fix issues between the two levels of government
• decentralizes powers (policy is subject to both the central and state governments)

Question 3

Enumerated powers/ expressed

Answer 3

Powers of federal government that are specifically addressed in the Constitution

for Congress these powers are listed in article 1 section 8

Question 4

Concurrent powers

Answer 4

Powers shared by state and federal government may be exercised simultaneously

Question 5

Reserved powers

Answer 5

Power is not enumerated in the Constitution and are therefore given to the states

Question 6

10th amendment

Answer 6

Rights not enumerated to the national government are reserved to the state governments or the people

Question 7

Supremacy clause

Answer 7

Article 6 of the Constitution which makes the Constitution national laws and treaties supreme overstate laws when the national government is acting within its constitutional limits

Question 8

Implied powers

Answer 8

Powers of the federal government that go beyond enumerated powers the Constitution.

Come from necessary and proper clause

Question 9

McCulloch v. Maryland

Answer 9

And 1891 Supreme Court decision that established the supremacy of national government overstates

Chief Justice Marshall held that Congress had implied powers

Question 10

Necessary and proper clause/ elastic clause

Answer 10

Final paragraph of article 1 section 8 of the Constitution which authorizes Congress to pass all laws “necessary and proper” to carry out enumerated powers

Question 11

National supremacy established by

Answer 11

1. Implied powers elaboration
2. Commerce clause def.
3. Civil war
4. Struggle for racial equality

Question 12

Commerce clause

Answer 12

Cause three article 1 section 8

Congress has the power to regulate commerce with foreign nations, among states, and with Indian tribes

Question 13

Gibbons v. Ogden

Answer 13

1824 Supreme Court interpreted commerce clause broadly, giving Congress the power to regulate interstate commerce and encompassing virtually every form of commercial activity

Ex. Radio signals, electricity, telephone messages, the Internet, insurance transactions

Question 14

Civil war

Answer 14

Struggle between states and national gov.

Question 15

Struggle for racial equality

Answer 15

National gov. v. States

Supremacy of national government

Question 16

States Obligations to Each Other

Answer 16

Outlined in intrastate commerce Article 4 of constitution
Sec. 1- full faith and credit
Sec. 2- privileges and immunities & extradition
Sec. 3- states can be added, but not formed from existing states without consent & congress controls territories
Sec. 4- national gov. protects from invasions and domestic violence

Question 17

Full faith and credit

Answer 17

A clause in article 4 section 1 of the Constitution
requiring each state to recognize the official documents and civil judgments rendered by the courts of other states

Keeps people from escaping obligations
Debate- gay marriage

Question 18

Privileges and immunities

Answer 18

A clause in article 4 section 2 of the Constitution according citizens of each State most of the privileges of citizens of other states

Prevent state based discrimination
Except- state university & state residents in elections or taxing hotels

Question 19

Extradition

Answer 19

A legal process whereby an alleged criminal offender is surrendered by the officials of one state to officials of the state in which the crime is alleged to have been committed

Question 20

Dual federalism “layer cake”

Answer 20

Government system in which both the states and the national government remain supreme within their own spheres

separate policy responsibilities
More common earlier on

Question 21

Cooperative federalism

Answer 21

Government system in which powers and policy assignments are shared between states and the national government

(National has more power then in dual)

1. they may also share costs, 2. administration, and blame
   More common today
2. Federal guidelines with strings attached

Question 22

Devolution

Answer 22

Transferring responsibility for policies from the federal government to state and local governments

Happened in the 1990s with congress mainly republican to achieve policy objectives

Question 23

Republicans v. Democrats

Answer 23

Democrats support the increase of federal government Republican support the increases state and defensive state authority

Question 24

Fiscal federalism

Answer 24

The pattern of spending, taxing, and providing grants in the federal system; it is the cornerstone of the national government’s relations with state and local governments

Question 25

Categorical grants

Answer 25

Federal grants that can be used only for specific purposes or “categories” of state and local spending
they come with strings attached such as nondiscrimination provisions

Question 26

Crossover sactions

Answer 26

Using federal dollars and one program to influence state and local policy and another

Ex. Drinking age and highway funds

Question 27

Crosscutting requirements

Answer 27

Occur when the condition and one federal grant is extended to all activities supported by federal funds regardless of their source

Ex. Title VI of 1964 civil rights act- bars discrimination in use a federal grant money
-if a university discriminates in athletics it could lose federal funds

Question 28

Project grants

Answer 28

Federal grants given for specific purposes and awarded on the basis of the merits of applications

categorical grant

Ex. National Science foundation grants obtained by university professors

Question 29

Formula grants

Answer 29

Federal categorical grants distributed according to a formula specified in legislation or administrative regulations

Ex. may be based on population, per capita income etc.
Medicaid

Question 30

Block grant

Answer 30

Federal grants given more or less automatically to states our communities to support bra programs in areas such as community development and social services

Ex. Support programs in areas like community development and social services

Question 31

Scramble to fed. $$$

Answer 31

Full-time staffs in Washington that track available money for states and cities
universalism- some money for everyone
fairly equal distribution
sometimes may undermined public policy

Question 32

Mandates

Answer 32

requirements that direct state or local government’s to comply with federal rules under threat of penalties or as a condition of receipt of a federal grant

Question 33

Medicaid

Answer 33

Provide healthcare for poor people national government pays majority of the bill in the states pick up the rest

Congress has expanded Medicaid to specific populations requiring states to extend coverage to certain children, pregnant women, and elderly poor, increased funding for the program
requirements have mean big priority for states

Question 34

Unfounded mandates

Answer 34

Mandates that require state or local government’s to meet the requirements at their own expense- unfunded

Americans with Disabilities Act and Clean Air Act

Question 35

Clean Air act

Answer 35

Clean air act of 1970 establish national air-quality standards requires states to administer them and to appropriate funds for their implementation

Question 36

Americans with disabilities

Answer 36

1990 requiring states to make facilities accessible to individuals with disabilities, but Congress allocated no funds to implement this policy

Question 37

Unfunded mandate reform act

Answer 37

Passed to limit the ability for Congress to pass unfunded mandate’s in 1995
required both chambers to take separate majority vote in order to pass any bill that would impose unfunded mandates of more than 50 million on state and local government’s

Question 38

Federalism

Answer 38

A way of organizing a nation so that two levels of government have formal authority over the same Landon people system of shared power

Only 11 of 190 nations