Chapter 5 - Cells

Question 1

1. Name the types of cells that are eukaryotes.

2. Why are they categorised as such?

Answer 1

1. a.) Animal
   b. ) Plant
   c. ) Fungi
   d. ) Protist
2. These cells all have nuclei.

Question 2

1. Name the types of cells which are prokaryotes.

2. Why are they categorised as such?

Answer 2

1. Bacteria

2. These cells have NO nucleus.

Question 3

Name the 4 types of cells we’ve covered so far, in order of ascending size.

Answer 3

Virus, bacteria, animal, plant

Question 4

Name the 4 potential cell adaptations that make a specialised cell.

Answer 4

1. Size
2. Shape
3. Structures on cell
4. Different organelles

Question 5

Name the parts of a bacteria cell and their purpose.

Answer 5

• Ribosomes (protein synthesis)
• Flagellum (tail, for movement)
• Pili (hair-like appendage used to attach bacteria to surface of other cells)
• Loop chromosome (Circular DNA molecule)
• Plasmids (Small DNA molecule within a cell)
• Cell wall (Supports and protects the cell)

Question 6

Name the parts of an animal cell, and explain their purpose.

Answer 6

• Cytoplasm (watery jelly where most of the cell’s activities take place.
• Nucleus (Controls the cell. Contains chromosomes which contain DNA)
• Mitochondrion (Jellybean like structures in which aerobic respiration takes place, to provide the cell with energy)
• Cell membrane (Controls what enters and leaves the cell, & separates one cell from another)

Question 7

Name the parts of a plant cell, and explain their purpose.

Answer 7

• Nucleus (Controls the cell’s activities and contains chromosomes, which contain DNA)
• Cytoplasm (watery jelly where most of the cell’s activities take place)
• Chloroplasts (Contain chlorophyll, which traps energy transferred from the sun)
• Mitochondria (jellybean shaped structures in which aerobic respiration takes place to provide the cell with energy)
• Vacuole (filled with sap. Helps the cell to maintain its shape and rigidity)
• Cell membrane (Controls what gets in and out of the cell, and separates one cell from another)
• Cell wall (Supports and protects the cell. Made of cellulose)

Question 8

1. Why do sperm cells need tails, but egg cells do not?

Answer 8

1. Egg cells do not need tails as cilia transport the cell through the oviduct. Sperm cells require the for mobility, so they are able to travel to the oviduct.

Question 9

1. Give 3 examples of specialised cells.

Answer 9

1. a.) Sperm cell
   b. ) Root hair cell
   c. ) Red blood cells
   d. ) White blood cells

Question 10

Give 3 examples of organelles.

Answer 10

1. Mitochondria
2. Ribosomes
3. Chloroplasts

Question 11

Where are digestive enzymes made?

Answer 11

In the pancreas.

Question 12

After digestive enzymes have been made, to where are they delivered?

Answer 12

The small intestine.

Question 13

Which organelle would you expect to find in high numbers within the specialised cells that produce digestive enzymes?

Answer 13

Ribosomes, because enzymes are proteins.

Question 14

Which specialised cells line the small intestine?

Answer 14

Epithelial cells.

Question 15

What is the vital adaptation of an epithelial cell?

Answer 15

Microvilli which provide a larger surface area so that the absorption of food particles into the blood is faster.

Question 16

How many chromosomes are in a human cell?

Answer 16

46

Question 17

How many chromosomes are in a Haploid cell?

Answer 17

23

Question 18

How many chromosomes are in a diploid cell?

Answer 18

46 (23 pairs)

Question 19

Are gametes Haploid or diploid?

Answer 19

Haploid

Question 20

Cite the adaptations of ova.

Answer 20

• Cell membrane protected by a jelly coat
• Haploid nucleus
• Jelly coat that hardens once sperm cell has penetrated so that only one sperm can fertilise it.
• Very large cell containing lots of nutrients required for development of the fertilised egg.

Question 21

Cite the adaptations of sperm.

Answer 21

• Flagellum
• Acrosome (contains enzymes)
• Haploid nucleus
• Mitochondria

Question 22

Which cells line the oviduct?

Answer 22

Ciliates epithelial cells.

Question 23

What are cilia?

Answer 23

Hair-like structures that contract in waves to push the egg along the oviduct.

Question 24

Are bacteria smaller or larger than animal cells?

Answer 24

Smaller.

Question 25

Bacteria are about the same size as which organelle?

Answer 25

Mitochondria

Question 26

What do bacteria need in order to be visible under the microscope?

Answer 26

Staining because they are mostly invisible.

Question 27

What do bacteria not have that makes them prokaryotes?

Answer 27

They don’t have a nucleus.

Question 28

Where is DNA contained in bacteria?

Answer 28

In a single, loop-shaped chromosome, as well as in small loops called plasmids.

Question 29

What sort of genes do plasmids carry?

Answer 29

Genes that make them resistant to antibiotics.

Question 30

Which part of bacteria is easily transferred from one cell to another?

Answer 30

Plasmids.

Question 31

Some bacteria have a slimy coating on their surface called…..

Answer 31

The capsule.

Question 32

How do bacteria move?

Answer 32

Flagellum or pili.

Question 33

Which organelles do bacteria have and not have?

Answer 33

They have ribosomes but not mitochondria or chloroplasts.