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Biology > Chapter 18 - Metabolic Rate > Flashcards

Chapter 18 - Metabolic Rate Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the metabolic rate?

A

The speed with with the body uses up the energy from food.

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2
Q

What increases metabolic rate?

A

Exercise or cold temperatures

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3
Q

The resting metabolic rate is sometimes called..?

A

The basal metabolic rate

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4
Q

Which organ affects metabolic rate?

A

Thyroid

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5
Q

Which hormone is produced by the thyroid?

A

Thyroxine

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6
Q

What effects is thyroxine responsible for causing?

A

Increasing heart rate

Increases the rate of breakdown of proteins and carbohydrates inside cells

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7
Q

Which mineral is required so that thyroxine can be produced?

A

Iodine

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8
Q

What causes a thyroid ‘goitre’?

A

Insufficient iodine in diet. The body tries to respond by producing more thyroid gland cells.

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9
Q

What are some of the health problems caused by too much or too little thyroxine?

A

Graves’ disease
Hypothyroidism
Hyperthyroidism
Hashimoto’s disease

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10
Q

Which organs are responsible for controlling the production of thyroxine by the thyroid gland?

A

The hypothalamus and the pituitary gland.

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11
Q

When thyroxine levels are too low, which hormones are released by the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland?

A

TRH and TSH

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12
Q

What happens when the thyroxine level is too high?

A

The hypothalmus and pituitary glands stop producing hormones, which in turn ceases production of thyroxine.

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13
Q

Where are the adrenal glands situated?

A

Above each kidney

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14
Q

When is adrenaline produced?

A

When the adrenal glands are stimulated by the nervous system as a result of the person expecting danger.

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15
Q

What does adrenaline cause?

A

Increased heart rate
Increased breathing rate
Promotes breakdown of glycogen into glucose to meet increased energy requirements
Diverts blood to muscles and away from non-essential areas such as digestion, achieved by widening or narrowing the blood vessels associated with those organs.

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16
Q

What protects the uterus?

A

Cervix and mucus plug

17
Q

What is the uterine wall made up of?

A 
The myometrium (muscle layer)
The endometrium (lining)
18
Q

Eggs inside ovaries are immature and incapable of being fertilised. Is this statement true or false?

A

True

19
Q

How many eggs are produced during ovulation?

A

Usually one.

20
Q

How long is an average menstrual cycle?

A

28 days

21
Q

What falls away during menstruation?

A

The outer layers of the endometrium

22
Q

What happens between day 1-14 of the menstrual cycle?

A

An egg is maturing in the ovaries.

23
Q

What happens when menstruation ends?

A

The endometrium is rebuilt. It thickens, and an extensive blood supply is created to nourish a potential fertilised egg

24
Q

Which hormone stimulates the build up of the endometrium?

A

Oestrogen

25
Q

When is the egg released?

A

About 15 days before the end of the cycle.

26
Q

When is fertilisation most likely?

A

In the 3 days following release

27
Q

When does implantation of the zygote take place?

A

Several days after fertilisation

28
Q

Which hormone causes the endometrium to remain intact?

A

Progesterone.

29
Q

What makes progesterone?

A

Corpus luteum.

30
Q

If the egg is not fertilised, what happens?

A

The corpus luteum degenerates, progesterone production stops, causing the lining to break down again.

31
Q

On which day in the cycle does menstruation begin?

A

Day 1

32
Q

What happens to oestrogen and progesterone levels at the end of each cycle?

A

They fall

33
Q

At which point does the pituitary gland release FSH?

A

When the low levels of oestrogen and progesterone are detected by the pituitary gland.

34
Q

What does FSH do when it reaches the ovaries?

A

Stimulates the maturation of follicles and the egg they contain

35
Q

What produces oestrogen?

A

The cells of the developing follicle

36
Q

Why do they produce oestrogen?

A

To stimulate regrow this of the uterus lining in preparation for the maturing egg

37
Q

What happens when the egg is almost ready for ovulation?

A

It’s oestrogen production rapidly rises to peak

Biology (19 decks)

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