Chapter 11 - Protein Synthesis Flashcards
The two stages of protein synthesis are called………. and ………..
Transcription and translation
Which stage comes first, translation or transcription?
Transcription
What shape is DNA?
Double helix
What does a DNA nucleotide consist of?
Deoxyribose (sugar), phosphate, and one of four bases.
What are the four bases of DNA?
Guanine
Cytosine
Adenine
Thymine
What are the four bases of RNA?
Guanine
Cytosine
Adenine
Uracil
What are the complementary pairs of DNA?
Guanine and Cytosine
Adenine and Thymine
What are the complementary pairs of RNA?
Guanine and Cytosine
Adenine and Uracil
What does DNA stand for?
Deoxyribonucleic acid.
What does RNA stand for?
Ribonucleic acid
What is mRNA?
Messenger RNA
What is rRNA?
Ribosomal RNA
What is tRNA?
Transfer RNA
How are two strands of DNA held together?
Hydrogen bonds
How is a polypeptide held together?
Peptide bonds
Where on the nucleotide is the base attached?
The sugar
Which strand does mRNA code from?
The leading strand
How does mRNA enter the cytoplasm?
Through nuclear pores.
A chain of amino acids is called a ……………….
Polypeptide
During transcription, the DNA base order is copied to a strand of complementary……………….
mRNA
The enzyme that attaches to DNA and unzips/separates the strand is called……………………….
RNA polymerase
The mRNA strand attaches to what?
A ribosome
tRNA molecules carry ………………..
Amino acids
The ribosome links together what?
Amino acids carried by tRNA molecules
What is a codon?
A triplet of bases on the mRNA strand that contain the code for an amino acid
Give the name of an enzyme
Lipase Amylase RNA polymerase Carbohydrate Sucrase
Give the name of a protein
Enzyme
Keratin
What attaches to codons?
Anti-codons on tRNA molecules
What is the product of translation?
Polypeptides
What is the product of transcription?
mRNA
What happens to a polypeptide to make it a protein?
It folds up into a specific 3D shape
In which part of the cell dos transcription occur?
Nucleus
Which enzyme is needed for transcription?
RNA polymerase
What determines the order of amino acids?
The base sequence in the DNA strand
The way a protein functions in the body is dependant upon…
The order of amino acids in the protein chain.
What is a gene?
Sections of DNA that carry a code for making a protein. The gene code determines the order of amino acids to be built into a protein.
If there is an alteration to the gene code, what could happen?
The protein could be built incorrectly, which may affect its function.
What is the genome?
The full set of DNA in a cell.
What are the monomers of DNA?
Nucleotides
What is DNA fingerprinting?
It is analysis of the order of bases within an individual’s DNA. It can be used to establish whether people are related, or if a person was present at a crime scene.
Who worked out the structure of DNA, and when?
James Watson and Francis Crick, in 1953 (building upon work done by Rosalind Franklin)
What is the order of bases used to produce?
A single-stranded RNA molecule
Building proteins from the code in a gene is called……
Protein synthesis
What is the difference between RNA and DNA?
The sugar is ribose, not deoxyribose, and there is no thymine base—they are replaced by uracil.
What makes the RNA strand?
An enzyme called RNA polymerase.
How is RNA made?
The RNA polymerase separates the two strands of DNA at the place where the gene is, and uses one of the strands (called the template strand) to join together RNA nucleotides in the right order using the base pairing rules.
The RNA strand made by RNA polymerase is called….
mRNA.
Where does mRNA travel from and to
Out of the nucleus and into the cytoplasm, where it attaches to a ribosome.
What do ribosomes ‘read’?
Codons.
What brings amino acids to the ribosome?
tRNA
tRNAs have particular what?
Anti-codons that are specific to the amino acid.
The ribosome joins the amino acids together to form a polymer called a …………….. which will become a protein.
Polypeptide.
What happens when all the mRNA has been read by the ribosome?
The polypeptide is released from the ribosome. It then folds automatically into the right 3D shape to become a functional protein.
