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Biology > Chapter 17 - Hormones > Flashcards

Chapter 17 - Hormones Flashcards

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1
Q

What are hormones?

A

Chemical substances that are produced by specialised cells called glands, which are found in certain organs.

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2
Q

The body has two systems of control for the body, what are they called?

A

The nervous system and the endocrine system.

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3
Q

Where are hormones secreted and why?

A

Into the blood so that they become available to all parts of the body.

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4
Q

What is required so that cells can respond to hormones?

A

Specific receptors that hormones can bind to

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5
Q

Which organs contain cells with the required receptors?

A

Target organs.

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6
Q

What is different about the hormonal system versus the nervous system?

A

Hormones can have an effect over long periods, whereas nervous responses are short-lived.

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7
Q

What is a benefit of hormones being secreted directly into the blood?

A

They can coordinate responses from several body systems at the same time.

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8
Q

Give an example of a hormone that has May different target organs.

A

Testosterone.

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9
Q

Give an example of a hormone that has only one target organ.

A

ADH (only affects the kidneys)

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10
Q

Complete the sentence:

Hormones often influence the production of other ________, so a ________ can also be a target organ.

A
  1. Hormones

2. Gland

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11
Q

What is the purpose of the hormone FSH, and where is it made?

A

FSH is made by the pituitary gland, and controls egg development in women.

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12
Q

What hormone controls the production of FSH?

A

Oestrogen.

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13
Q

Which hormones are produced by the ovaries?

A

Oestrogen and progesterone.

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14
Q

Which hormone is produced by the testes?

A

Testosterone.

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15
Q

Which hormone is produced by the adrenal glands?

A

Adrenaline, which is central to the fight or flight response.

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16
Q

Which hormones are produced by the pancreas?

A

Insulin and glucagon (controls blood sugar)

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17
Q

Which hormone is produced by the thyroid?

A

Thyroxine, which controls metabolic rate.

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18
Q

Which hormones are produced by the pituitary gland?

A

Many, including: Growth hormone, ADH (urine production), LH and FSH (reproductive hormones)

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19
Q

What is meant by the term ‘homeostasis’?

A

Maintaining specific conditions in the body within set boundaries. ‘The maintenance of a steady state in an internal environment.’

20
Q

Which factors are critical to homeostasis?

A
  • Body temperature (36-38 degrees)
  • Blood glucose levels (82-110mg/dL)
  • Blood pH (7.35-7.45)
  • Concentration of ions (e.g. sodium, potassium, and chloride)
  • osmoregulation (amount of water in the blood and tissues)
21
Q

Why is homeostasis critical to chemical reactions?

A
  • They must take place in aqueous solution. Water moves in and out of cells depending on the concentration of substances dissolved in it (especially salt and sugar)
  • They are controlled by enzymes, which only work effectively within narrow ranges of temperature and pH.
22
Q

What causes blood glucose to rise?

A

Eating

23
Q

What causes blood glucose to fall?

A

Exercise

24
Q

What risks are associated with blood glucose that is too high or too low?

A

Heart failure
Kidney failure
Coma
Death

25
Q

Where is excess glucose stored after meals?

A

In the liver and muscles

26
Q

What happens to those stores between meals?

A

They are gradually released back into the blood to prevent levels falling too low.

27
Q

Which organ monitors blood glucose levels?

A

Pancreas

28
Q

What do insulin and glucagon do?

A

Tell the liver and muscles what to do

29
Q

What does the pancreas produce if it detects high blood glucose?

A

Insulin

30
Q

What does the pancreas produce if it detects low blood glucose?

A

Glucagon.

31
Q

What effect does insulin have on the liver and muscles?

A

It causes them to take up glucose and convert it into a storage molecule called glycogen.

32
Q

What effect does glucagon have on the liver and muscles?

A

It causes them to break down glycogen and release it as glucose back into the blood.

33
Q

What is negative feedback?

A

When a change is identified, and action is taken to return the body to its optimum state.

34
Q

What is diabetes?

A

The inability to control blood glucose concentration.

35
Q

How many people are affected by diabetes in the UK?

A

3.8 million

36
Q

Which organs are damaged by uncontrolled diabetes?

A

Kidneys
Heart
Brain
Eyes

37
Q

What is diabetic ketoacidosis and what does it cause?

A

Diabetic crisis. Causes:

Vomiting
Stomach pains
Rapid breathing
Increased pulse 
Sleepiness 
Dry mouth
Flushed face 
Fruity breath
38
Q

What are the health risks of diabetes?

A
  • Stroke
  • Eye damage
  • Heart attack
  • Kidney damage
  • Impotence/difficulty passing urine
  • Numbness and reduced blood supply to feet
39
Q

What causes type 1 diabetes?

A

It is an autoimmune disease in which the immune system attacks the beta cells in the pancreas which produce insulin. Consequently, no insulin is produced.

40
Q

How is type 1 diabetes treated?

A

Insulin is injected into the subcutaneous fat several times a day.

41
Q

What factors affect the amount of insulin required?

A

How much food is consumed, and how much exercise is taken. The blood should be tested to establish blood glucose level before insulin is administered.

42
Q

What causes type 2 diabetes?

A

Insulin resistance.

43
Q

What are risk factors for developing type 2 diabetes?

A
  • Runs in families
  • Diet high in sugar
  • Lack of exercise
  • Obesity
44
Q

What is the formula for calculating BMI?

A

Weight in kilograms divided by height in metres squared.

45
Q

What are the adult BMI categories?

A

Less than 18.5 = underweight
18.5-24.9 = normal
25.0-29.9 = overweight
30+ = obese.

46
Q

What is the wait to hip ratio threshold for greater risk of developing type 2 diabetes in men and women?

A 
Men= 0.95
Women= 0.86
47
Q

What is the treatment for type 2 diabetes?

A

Exercise
Healthy diet low in sugar
Weight loss
Drugs

Biology (19 decks)

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