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Medical Terminology > Chapter 5 > Flashcards

Chapter 5 Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

stem cells

A

cells that have the ability to divide without limit and give rise to specialized cells

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2
Q

somatic cells

A

has 23 pairs of chromosomes; they account for all the body’s cells except the reproductive cells

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3
Q

homeostasis

A

the constant internal environment that is naturally maintained by the body

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4
Q

musculoskeletal system

A

makes movement possible; provides protection, nutrients, form, and shape for the body; stores minerals and forms some blood cells

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5
Q

cardiovascular system

A

delivers oxygen, nutrients, and vital substances throughout the body; transports cellular waste products to the lungs and kidneys for excretion

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6
Q

lymphatic system

A

helps maintain the internal fluid environment; produces some types of blood cells; regulates immunity

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7
Q

respiratory system

A

brings oxygen into the body and removes carbon dioxide and some water waste

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8
Q

digestive system

A

provides the body with, nutrients, and minerals; removes solid waste

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9
Q

urinary system

A

filters blood to remove wastes of cellular metabolism, maintains the electrolyte and fluid balance

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10
Q

reproductive system

A

facilitates procreation (producing offspring)

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11
Q

integumentary system

A

provides external covering for protection, regulates the body temperature and water content

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12
Q

nervous system

A

coordinates the reception of stimuli; transmits messages to stimulate movement

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13
Q

endocrine system

A

secretes hormones and helps regulate body activities

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14
Q

ana-

A

upward, excessive or again

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15
Q

-plasia

A

development or formation of tissue

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16
Q

aplasia

A

the lack of development of an organ or tissue

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17
Q

dysplasia

A

any abnormal development of tissues, recognized by cells that differ in size, shape, and appearance

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18
Q

hypoplasia

A

underdevelopment of an organ or a tissue, and is less severe than aplasia

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19
Q

hyperplasia

A

an abnormal increase in the number of normal cells in tissue

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20
Q

hypertrophy

A

an increase in the size of an organ caused by an increase in the size of existing cells rather than the number of cells (as in hyperplasia)

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21
Q

anaplasia

A

is characteristic of malignant tumors. Refers to a change in the structure and orientation of cells, characterized by a loss of differentiation and reversal to a more primitive form.

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22
Q

anatomic position

A

the position that a person is in while standing erect with the arms at the sides and the palms forward.

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23
Q

anteromedian

A

located in front and toward the middle

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24
Q

posteroexternal

A

situated toward the back and outer side

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25
Q

posteromedian

A

situated in the middle of the back

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26
Q

dorsolateral

A

pertaining to the and side

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27
Q

posterolateral

A

pertaining to a position behind and to the side

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28
Q

anterolateral

A

pertaining to the front and one e

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29
Q

mediolateral

A

pertaining to the middle and one side

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30
Q

anterosuperior

A

indicates a position in front and above

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31
Q

posterosuperior

A

indicates a position behind and above

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32
Q

inferomedian

A

situated in the middle of the underside

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33
Q

the cranial cavity contains ___?

A

the brain

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34
Q

The spinal cavity contains ___?

A

the spinal cord and the beginnings of the spinal nerves

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35
Q

The dorsal cavity contains ___ and ___?

A

The spinal and cranial cavities

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36
Q

viscera

A

large organs contained in the ventral cavity

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37
Q

the thoracic cavity and abdominopelvic cavities make up the ___ cavity.

A

ventral

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38
Q

the ___ divides the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities

A

diaphragm

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39
Q

peritoneum

A

the membrane that lines the abdominopelvic cavity and enfolds the internal organs

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40
Q

adhesion

A

the sticking together of two structures that are normally separated

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41
Q

major regions of the body

A

head, neck, torso, extermities

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42
Q

torso

A

chest, abdomen, and pelvis

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43
Q

acral

A

pertaining to the extermities of the body

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44
Q

acrodermatitis

A

dermatitis of the extermities

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45
Q

acrocyanosis

A

cyanosis of the extermities

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46
Q

acrohypothermy

A

abnormal coldness of the extemities

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47
Q

acromegaly

A

a disorder in which thereis abnormal enlargement of body extermities

48
Q

thorax

A

chest

49
Q

abdomen

A

the portion of the body trunk that is located between the chest and pelvis

50
Q

thoracocentesis

A

surgical puncture of the chest wall for aspiration of fluids

51
Q

cephalopelvic

A

refers to the head of the fetus and the maternal pelvis

52
Q

abdominothoracic

A

pertains to the abdomen and the thorax

53
Q

abdomincentesis

A

a surgical procedure that is performed to remove excess fluids from the abdominal cavity or to inject a therapeutic agent

54
Q

ascites

A

abnormal accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity

55
Q

peritonitis

A

infectious MOs gain access by way of surgical incisions or by rupture or perforation of viscera or associated structures

56
Q

umbilicus

A

navel

57
Q

omphalocele

A

congenital hernation of the navel

58
Q

types of abdominal hernias

A

umbilical, femoral, incisional, and inguinal

59
Q

palmar

A

pertaining to the palm

60
Q

plantar

A

pertaining to the foot

61
Q

dactylography

A

study of fingerprints

62
Q

dactylospasm

A

cramping of a finger or toe

63
Q

dactylitis

A

inflammation of the bones of the fingers and toes

64
Q

chiropody

A

pertaining to the hands and feet

65
Q

chiropodist

A

a specialist who treats corns, bunions, and other affiliations of the hands and feet

66
Q

chirospasm

A

cramping of the hand

67
Q

onychopathy

A

any disease of the nails

68
Q

onychomycosis

A

a disease of the nails caused by fungus

69
Q

onychectomy

A

surgical removal of the nail; declawing of an animal

70
Q

intracellular

A

within the cell

71
Q

extracellular

A

outside the cell

72
Q

interstitial

A

fills the space between most of the cells of the body

73
Q

edema

A

accumulation of fluid in the interstitial compartment

74
Q

hematology

A

the study of blood and the blood-forming tissue

75
Q

hemolysis

A

the destruction of red blood cells with the liberation of hemoglobin

76
Q

hemodialysis

A

the process of diffusing blood through a semipermeable membrane to remove toxic materials from the bodies of persons with impaired kidney function.

77
Q

hematoma

A

a localized collection of blood, usually clotted, in an organ, tissue, or space, resulting from a break in the wall of a blood vessel

78
Q

coagulation

A

clotting

79
Q

fibrin

A

forms the clot

80
Q

anticoagulant

A

a substance that delays or prevents blood from clotting

81
Q

thrombosis

A

formation of internal blood clots

82
Q

platelets

A

small structures in the blood that are important for blood clotting

83
Q

thrombocytes

A

platelets

84
Q

thrombocytopenia

A

a reduction in the number of blood platelets

85
Q

hemoglobin

A

a red, iron-containing pigment that transports oxygen to the tissues and waste carbon dioxide to the lungs

86
Q

anemia

A

a condition in which the number of RBCs or the concentration of hemoglobins decrease

87
Q

pallor

A

paleness

88
Q

what’s the major function of WBCs?

A

body defense

89
Q

leukopenia

A

an abnormal decrease in the total number of WBC

90
Q

leukocytosis

A

an abnormal increase in the total number of WBCs

91
Q

leukemia

A

a progressive, malignant disease of the blood-forming organs

92
Q

hematopoiesus

A

takes place in the bone marrow

93
Q

erythropoietin

A

a hormone produced mainly in the kidneys and released into the bloodstream, causes the production of RBCs

94
Q

susceptibility

A

being vulnerable to a disease or disorder

95
Q

resistance

A

the body’s natural ability to counteract MOs or toxins

96
Q

inflammation

A

a protective response of body tissue that increases circulation to an area after irritation or injury

97
Q

interferon

A

a cell-produced protein that protects the cells from viral infection

98
Q

complement

A

a protein that not only promotes inflammation and phagocytosis, but also causes bacterial cells to rupture

99
Q

immunity

A

the body’s ability to counteract the effects of infectious organisms

100
Q

antigen

A

any substance that the body regards as foreign

101
Q

antibody

A

a disease-fighting protein produced by the immune system in response to the presence of a specific antigen

102
Q

immunization

A

the process by which resistance to an infectious disease is induced or augmented

103
Q

vaccination

A

the administration of antigenic material to induce immunity

104
Q

immnocompromised

A

one whose immune response has been weakened by a disease or immunosuppressive agent

105
Q

what is a type of immunosuppressant?

A

radiation and certain drugs

106
Q

immunodeficiency

A

a defect in the immune system and are characterized by susceptibility to infectious and chronic diseaes

107
Q

hypersensitivity

A

excessive reaction to an antigen

108
Q

allergies

A

conditions in which the body reacts with an exaggerated immune response to common, harmless substances

109
Q

anaphylaxis

A

exaggerated hypersensitive reactions to a previously encountered antigen

110
Q

benign

A

“favorable for recovery” and “not having a tendency to spread”

111
Q

malignant

A

tending to grow worse, to spread, and possibly become life threatening

112
Q

metastasis

A

spreading from one part of the body to another part

113
Q

BNICE

A

Biological, Nuclear, Incendiary, Chemical, Explosive

114
Q

virus

A

a minute MO that replicates only within a cell of a living plant or animal

115
Q

fungi

A

MOs that feed by absorbing organic molecules from their surroundings

Medical Terminology (19 decks)

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