Chapter 5 Flashcards
stem cells
cells that have the ability to divide without limit and give rise to specialized cells
somatic cells
has 23 pairs of chromosomes; they account for all the body’s cells except the reproductive cells
homeostasis
the constant internal environment that is naturally maintained by the body
musculoskeletal system
makes movement possible; provides protection, nutrients, form, and shape for the body; stores minerals and forms some blood cells
cardiovascular system
delivers oxygen, nutrients, and vital substances throughout the body; transports cellular waste products to the lungs and kidneys for excretion
lymphatic system
helps maintain the internal fluid environment; produces some types of blood cells; regulates immunity
respiratory system
brings oxygen into the body and removes carbon dioxide and some water waste
digestive system
provides the body with, nutrients, and minerals; removes solid waste
urinary system
filters blood to remove wastes of cellular metabolism, maintains the electrolyte and fluid balance
reproductive system
facilitates procreation (producing offspring)
integumentary system
provides external covering for protection, regulates the body temperature and water content
nervous system
coordinates the reception of stimuli; transmits messages to stimulate movement
endocrine system
secretes hormones and helps regulate body activities
ana-
upward, excessive or again
-plasia
development or formation of tissue
aplasia
the lack of development of an organ or tissue
dysplasia
any abnormal development of tissues, recognized by cells that differ in size, shape, and appearance
hypoplasia
underdevelopment of an organ or a tissue, and is less severe than aplasia
hyperplasia
an abnormal increase in the number of normal cells in tissue
hypertrophy
an increase in the size of an organ caused by an increase in the size of existing cells rather than the number of cells (as in hyperplasia)
anaplasia
is characteristic of malignant tumors. Refers to a change in the structure and orientation of cells, characterized by a loss of differentiation and reversal to a more primitive form.
anatomic position
the position that a person is in while standing erect with the arms at the sides and the palms forward.
anteromedian
located in front and toward the middle
posteroexternal
situated toward the back and outer side
posteromedian
situated in the middle of the back
dorsolateral
pertaining to the and side
posterolateral
pertaining to a position behind and to the side
anterolateral
pertaining to the front and one e
mediolateral
pertaining to the middle and one side
anterosuperior
indicates a position in front and above
posterosuperior
indicates a position behind and above
inferomedian
situated in the middle of the underside
the cranial cavity contains ___?
the brain
The spinal cavity contains ___?
the spinal cord and the beginnings of the spinal nerves
The dorsal cavity contains ___ and ___?
The spinal and cranial cavities
viscera
large organs contained in the ventral cavity
the thoracic cavity and abdominopelvic cavities make up the ___ cavity.
ventral
the ___ divides the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities
diaphragm
peritoneum
the membrane that lines the abdominopelvic cavity and enfolds the internal organs
adhesion
the sticking together of two structures that are normally separated
major regions of the body
head, neck, torso, extermities
torso
chest, abdomen, and pelvis
acral
pertaining to the extermities of the body
acrodermatitis
dermatitis of the extermities
acrocyanosis
cyanosis of the extermities
acrohypothermy
abnormal coldness of the extemities
acromegaly
a disorder in which thereis abnormal enlargement of body extermities
thorax
chest
abdomen
the portion of the body trunk that is located between the chest and pelvis
thoracocentesis
surgical puncture of the chest wall for aspiration of fluids
cephalopelvic
refers to the head of the fetus and the maternal pelvis
abdominothoracic
pertains to the abdomen and the thorax
abdomincentesis
a surgical procedure that is performed to remove excess fluids from the abdominal cavity or to inject a therapeutic agent
ascites
abnormal accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity
peritonitis
infectious MOs gain access by way of surgical incisions or by rupture or perforation of viscera or associated structures
umbilicus
navel
omphalocele
congenital hernation of the navel
types of abdominal hernias
umbilical, femoral, incisional, and inguinal
palmar
pertaining to the palm
plantar
pertaining to the foot
dactylography
study of fingerprints
dactylospasm
cramping of a finger or toe
dactylitis
inflammation of the bones of the fingers and toes
chiropody
pertaining to the hands and feet
chiropodist
a specialist who treats corns, bunions, and other affiliations of the hands and feet
chirospasm
cramping of the hand
onychopathy
any disease of the nails
onychomycosis
a disease of the nails caused by fungus
onychectomy
surgical removal of the nail; declawing of an animal
intracellular
within the cell
extracellular
outside the cell
interstitial
fills the space between most of the cells of the body
edema
accumulation of fluid in the interstitial compartment
hematology
the study of blood and the blood-forming tissue
hemolysis
the destruction of red blood cells with the liberation of hemoglobin
hemodialysis
the process of diffusing blood through a semipermeable membrane to remove toxic materials from the bodies of persons with impaired kidney function.
hematoma
a localized collection of blood, usually clotted, in an organ, tissue, or space, resulting from a break in the wall of a blood vessel
coagulation
clotting
fibrin
forms the clot
anticoagulant
a substance that delays or prevents blood from clotting
thrombosis
formation of internal blood clots
platelets
small structures in the blood that are important for blood clotting
thrombocytes
platelets
thrombocytopenia
a reduction in the number of blood platelets
hemoglobin
a red, iron-containing pigment that transports oxygen to the tissues and waste carbon dioxide to the lungs
anemia
a condition in which the number of RBCs or the concentration of hemoglobins decrease
pallor
paleness
what’s the major function of WBCs?
body defense
leukopenia
an abnormal decrease in the total number of WBC
leukocytosis
an abnormal increase in the total number of WBCs
leukemia
a progressive, malignant disease of the blood-forming organs
hematopoiesus
takes place in the bone marrow
erythropoietin
a hormone produced mainly in the kidneys and released into the bloodstream, causes the production of RBCs
susceptibility
being vulnerable to a disease or disorder
resistance
the body’s natural ability to counteract MOs or toxins
inflammation
a protective response of body tissue that increases circulation to an area after irritation or injury
interferon
a cell-produced protein that protects the cells from viral infection
complement
a protein that not only promotes inflammation and phagocytosis, but also causes bacterial cells to rupture
immunity
the body’s ability to counteract the effects of infectious organisms
antigen
any substance that the body regards as foreign
antibody
a disease-fighting protein produced by the immune system in response to the presence of a specific antigen
immunization
the process by which resistance to an infectious disease is induced or augmented
vaccination
the administration of antigenic material to induce immunity
immnocompromised
one whose immune response has been weakened by a disease or immunosuppressive agent
what is a type of immunosuppressant?
radiation and certain drugs
immunodeficiency
a defect in the immune system and are characterized by susceptibility to infectious and chronic diseaes
hypersensitivity
excessive reaction to an antigen
allergies
conditions in which the body reacts with an exaggerated immune response to common, harmless substances
anaphylaxis
exaggerated hypersensitive reactions to a previously encountered antigen
benign
“favorable for recovery” and “not having a tendency to spread”
malignant
tending to grow worse, to spread, and possibly become life threatening
metastasis
spreading from one part of the body to another part
BNICE
Biological, Nuclear, Incendiary, Chemical, Explosive
virus
a minute MO that replicates only within a cell of a living plant or animal
fungi
MOs that feed by absorbing organic molecules from their surroundings
