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Geology 111 > Chapter 5 > Flashcards

Chapter 5 Flashcards

1
Q

Weathering

A

The group of processes that change rock at or near earth’s surface.

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2
Q

Erosion

A

The picking up or physical removal of rock particles kind of like sand and the ocean.

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3
Q

transportation

A

The movement of eroded particles by agents such as rivers, waves, glaciers or wind.

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4
Q

mechanical Weathring

A

The physical breakdown of rocks into smaller particles.

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5
Q

Chemical Weathering

A

The decomposition of rock from exposure to water and atmospheric gases. As rock is decomposed this way ne chemical compounds are formed.

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6
Q

Spheroidal Weathering

A

Weathering affects that produce rounded rock from an initial blocky shape.

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7
Q

Differential Weathering

A

Varying rates of weathering resulting from some rocks in an are being more resistant to weathering than others.

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8
Q

Pressure Release

A

A type of mechanical weathering that causes rocks to crack when overburden is removed.

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9
Q

Sheet Joints

A

Cracks that develop parallel to the outer surface of a large mass of expanding rock, as pressure is released during unloading.

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10
Q

Frost Action

A

Mechanical weathering of rocks by freezing water.

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11
Q

Frost heaving

A

Lifts rock and soil vertically by the expansion of freezing water.

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12
Q

Frost Wedging

A

A type of frost action in which the expansion of freezing water pries a rock apart.

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13
Q

what are the two main types of frost action

A

Frost Action and Frost Wedging.

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14
Q

What are weathering products?

A

New minerals that have adjusted to physical and chemical conditions at or near earths surface.

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15
Q

What is the most effective agent of chemical weathering?

A

Acid

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16
Q

What kind of ions do acids give of when they are breaking down?

A

Hydrogen.

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17
Q

What is Carbonic Acid?

A

A weak acid that is made up of water and carbon that dissociates into the hydrogen ion and bicarbonate ios.

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18
Q

What is Solution Weathering?

A

When minerals are completely dissolved by chemical weathering this is referred to as Solution Weathering.

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19
Q

How do caves form from Solution Weathering?

A

Caves can form underground when flowing groundwater dissolves the sedimentary rock limestone, whis is mostly Calcite.

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20
Q

Clay Mineral

A

A hydrous aluminum silicate with sheet-silicate structure like that of mica.

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21
Q

What are chemical compounds that five of hydrogen ions when they break down in water?

A

Acids

22
Q

What is solution weathering

A

When rocks are chemical broken down by slightly acid water.

23
Q

What does the solution of Calcite contain

A

Calcium ions and Bicarbonate ios.

24
Q

What does the solution of Ca-feldspar

A

CA2+ and HCO3 ions as well as silica.

25
Q

Definition of Regolith

A

The loose, unconsolidated material that covers most of earths land surface.

26
Q

Definition of soil

A

A layer of weathered unconsolidated material that contains organic matter and is capable of supporting plant froth.

27
Q

What is the average soil composed of

A

45% rock and mineral fragments, 5 decomposed organic matter or humus, and 50& pore space.

28
Q

What are soil Horizons?

A

Layers of soil.

29
Q

What is the O Horizon?

A

Dark-colored soil later that is rich in organic material and forms just below surface vegetation.

30
Q

What is the A Horizon?

A

A dark colored soil layer that is rich in organic matter and high in biological activity, both plant and animal.

31
Q

E Horizon

A

Soil horizon that is the zone of leaching, characterized by the downward movement of water and removal of fine grained soil components.

32
Q

What is humis

A

Highly decomposed biological matter.

33
Q

B Horizon

A

The layer under the E Horizon and often referred to the zone of accumulation. This later is often quite clayey and stained red or brown by hematite and limonite

34
Q

What is the Hard Pan?

A

it is a layer inside of the b Horizon made up of clay minerals, silica , and iron. It is very difficult to dig or through and may even be too hard for backhoes to dig through.

35
Q

C Horizon

A

incompletely weathered parent material that lies below the B Horizon.

36
Q

Residual Soils

A

Soil that develops directly from weathering of the rock below.

37
Q

transported soils

A

Soils that do not develop from locally formed rock, but from regolith brought in from some other region.

38
Q

How does the slope of a hill affect the formation of soil?

A

On slopes the soil tends to be thin because it can easily be moved down hill.

39
Q

What is the largest factor in the formation of soil?

A

Climate

40
Q

How does time affect soil formation?

A

At first the parent material determines the soil properties, but after a while other factors become more important and climate eventually predominates.

41
Q

Paleosol

A

A soil that has been buried by lava flow, volcanic ash, windblown dust, glacial deposits, or other sediment is called a buried soil, or paleosol.

42
Q

What is splash erosion

A

When raindrops strike unprotected soil like tiny bombs, dislodging soil particles.

43
Q

sheet erosion

A

a thin sheet of running water that caries the dislodged soil particles away

44
Q

rills

A

Tiny channels cut by water in soil.

45
Q

Gullies

A

When rills deepen and merge into stream channels.

46
Q

What are the three things that affect soil errosion?

A

Climate, Slope, and Vegetation.

47
Q

What are some ways to conserve topsoil in the midwest?

A

Windbreaks, contour plowing, terracing, and crop rotation.

48
Q

What are the three biggest factor that affect soil formation?

A
  1. Climate
  2. slope
  3. Temperature
49
Q

Silt

A

between sand and clay in size.

50
Q

What group of minerals is susceptible to oxidation of iron

A

Ferromagnesians

Geology 111 (22 decks)

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