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BIO 141 > Chapter 5 > Flashcards

Chapter 5 Flashcards

Integumentary System

1
Q

macrophages

A

part of the body’s defenses

engulfs large pathogens or damaged cells

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2
Q

microphages

A

smaller phagocytic cells that engulf small pathogens or debris

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3
Q

adipocytes

A
  • “fat cells”
  • provides energy, storage, and cushion
  • many connective tissues need the energy reserves
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4
Q

mesenchymal cells

A

cal ultimately differentiate into other needed connective tissue cells especially after an injury

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5
Q

melanocytes

A

produce the pigment melanin

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6
Q

mast cells

A

produces a histamine that stimulates inflammation and heparin which prevents blood from clotting.
Both are released after an injury or infection

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7
Q

lymphocytes

A

helps with body defense and may develop into plasma cells which produce antibodies

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8
Q

What are the steps of tissue repair?

A
  1. inflammation
  2. organization
    3 regeneration and fibrosis
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9
Q

What types of tissues are highly regenerative?

A
  1. epithelial tissue
  2. bone tissue
  3. blood (made in red bone marrow)
  4. areolar connective tissue
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10
Q

What types of tissues are only slightly regenerative?

A
  1. cartilage (all types)

2. skeletal muscles

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11
Q

What types of tissues are nonregenerative?

A
  1. cardiac muscle

2. nervous tissue

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12
Q

What two regions make up the skin?

A
  1. epidermis - outermost layer - epithelial tissue

2. dermis - makes up majority of skin - vascuralized

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13
Q

keratinocytes

A

stratified squamous epithelial cells that produce the protein keratin

makes up majority of the epidermis

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14
Q

Langerhans’ cells

A

originate in the epidermis; act as macrophages

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15
Q

Merkel cells

A

found in the deepest layer of the epidermis; function as receptors to sense gentle light touch

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16
Q

What are the layers of the epidermis?

A
  1. Stratum Corneum
  2. Stratum Lucidem
  3. Stratum Granulosum
  4. Stratum Spinosum
  5. Stratum Basale
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17
Q

Stratum Basale

A
  • stratum germinativum
  • deepest layer of the epidermis
  • Usually only 1-2 cells thick
  • contains keratinocytes, melanocytes, and merkel cells
  • layer has many cells that are actively dividing
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18
Q

stratum spinosum

A
  • “prickly layer”
  • cells of this layer have a spiny appearance
  • several cell layers thick
  • cells contain pre-keratin filaments
  • contains majority of the melanin and Langerhans’ cells
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19
Q

stratum granulosum

A
  • “granular layer”
  • appears grainy and is only 3-5 cells thick
  • keratinocytes in this layer contain lamellated granules (important for water proofing)
  • last layer of epidermis where diffusion of nutrients and oxygen from the capillaries can reach the cells (outer 2 layers cells are dying or already dead)
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20
Q

stratum lucidum

A
  • “clear layer”
  • clear layer only few cells thick
  • dying cells start to line up the keratin fibers parallel to one another
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21
Q

stratum corneum

A
  • “horny layer”
  • 20-30 cells thick
  • acts as an overcoat to protect underlying layers
  • cells are dead
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22
Q

What are the layers of the dermis?

A
  • papillary layer

- reticular layer

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23
Q

papillary layer

A

mostly composed of areolar connective tissue and contains many capillaries and sensory neurons

24
Q

reticular layer

A

makes up majority of dermis and is mostly composed of dense irregular connective tissue

25
Q

What 3 pigments determine skin color?

A

melanin (only one made in skin)
corotene (obtained in diet)
hemoglobin (pinkish-red pigment)

26
Q

melanin

A
  • not everyones melanocytes produce the same amount of melanin
  • If melanocytes do not produce any melanin the person is considered albino
  • protects from UV rays
27
Q

corotene

A
  • obtained from carrots and summer squash
  • stored in skin/adipose tissue
  • piled up in sections of skin thicker than normal
  • converted to vitamin A (used as maintenance of epithelial cells and to maintain photoreceptors in retina of eye)
28
Q

hemoglobin

A
  • pinkish-red pigment
  • carries O2 in red blood cells
  • vermillion- pink part of lips, lips have no melanin
29
Q

Name some properties of light

A
  • behaves both like a wave and a particle
  • light energy pack into particles (photons)
  • shorter the wavelength, the greater energy that particle carries
  • UV radiation is part of the electromagnetic spectrum
30
Q

Describe the cause of skin cancer

A

When light travels through cells undergoing mitosis, it disrupts the process. Dividing is then out of control or cells make bad copies which causes skin cancer

31
Q

What does a tan alert us to?

A

A tan is the body’s alert system to get out of the sun

32
Q

Why can skin cancer be transferred to other organs?

A

Because the skin is vascularized.

33
Q

sebaceous gland

A

produces sebum (oil) which lubricates the skin and is bacteriacidal

34
Q

sweat glands

A

sudoriferous glands produce sweat which allows for evaporative cooling

35
Q

What is sweat made of?

A

mostly water, salts (NaCl), vitamin C, antibodies, lactic acid, and uric acid (from urea)

36
Q

What are the 2 types of sweat glands?

A
  • merocrine sweat glands

- apocrine sweat glands

37
Q

merocrine sweat glands

A

we have this more and it is found on palms, soles, and forehead. Produces large amounts of water for evaporative cooling.

38
Q

apocrine sweat glands

A

produces product that is partially water soluble. Found in public regions, axillary region, and hair follicles. Secretes sweat with all of the above and a lipid rich substance. This lipid substance lubricates the hairs to reduce chaffing and is energy rich that attracts bacteria to those regions

39
Q

Name two specialized apocrine sweat glands

A

ceruminous glands and mammary glands

40
Q

cerumenous glands

A

produces cerumen (ear wax) which lubricates and traps particles from entering the ear

41
Q

mammary glands

A

modified sweat glands to form breast milk which is really rich in lipids

42
Q

What is another name for hair?

A

philus (s)

phili (p)

43
Q

What produces hair?

A

Hair is produced by hair follicles which are dead keratinized cells

44
Q

What is the function of hair?

A
  • protects against UV radiation
  • prevents particles getting into openings
  • protects against the glare from the sun
45
Q

What is wrapped around the outside of the hair follicle?

A

The root plexus. These are nerves which sense hair vibrations

46
Q

What causes hair to stand?

A

Arrector pili muscle

47
Q

Name the types of hair.

A 
vellus hair (found mostly on kids and female adults
terminal hair (found on scalp, eyebrows, public, and axillary regions. thicker, courser, and has darker color. males can have ti on vace as it grows in response to testosterone.
48
Q

Name conditions involving hair loss

A
  1. alopecia : gradual thinning that occurs as we age in both males and females
  2. male pattern baldness: true baldness
49
Q

Burn

A

tissue damage caused by heat, electricity, radiation, or chemicals. This denatures cell proteins and kills the cell.

50
Q

What are the categories of burns and what layers of the skin does it affect?

A

1st degree burn - epidermis
2nd degree burn - epidermis and upper dermis (blister)
3rd degree burn - destruction of epidermis and dermis

51
Q

What issues are caused by burns?

A

loss of protection from fluid loss

Loss of protection against protection

52
Q

What are the percentages for the rule of nines?

A 
Arms - 4.5% each side
Legs - 9% each side
Head - 9% total
Torso - 18% each side
Genitals - 1%
53
Q

What are the 3 forms of skin cancer from least dangerous to most dangerous?

A
  1. basal cell carcinoma
  2. squamous cell carcinoma
  3. melanoma
54
Q

basal cell carcinoma

A

cells of the stratum basale grow/divide and invade into the dermis and hypodermis

55
Q

squamous cell carcinoma

A

arises from keratinocytes of the stratum spinosum and more common on head and hands

56
Q

melanoma

A

most dangerous type, occurs where ever there is pigment. Can metastasize rapidly to nearby blood and lymph vessels

BIO 141 (10 decks)

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