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BIO 141 > Ch. 6 > Flashcards

Ch. 6 Flashcards

The skeletal system

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the functions of the bone?

A 
She May Probably have Lice
Support
Mineral and lipid storage
Protection
Hematopoiesis
Leverage
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2
Q

What are the two parts of the skeleton?

A

Axial : thoracic cage, vertebral column, and skull

Appendicular: shoulder and hip girdles and limps

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3
Q

What are the shapes bones can be classified in?

A 
Lets Start Fires, I'm Smoking Witches
Long Bones
Short Bones
Flat Bones
Irregular Bones
Sesamoid Bones
Wormian/Sutural Bones
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4
Q

What are the two major components of bones?

A

Inorganic and Organic components

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5
Q

Inorganic components of bones:

A

Minerals
Provide crush resistance
Ca++ and PO4-3 combine to form hydroxyapatite crystals

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6
Q

nucleation

A

the formation of a crystal

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7
Q

Organic components of bones:

A

proteins that provide flexibility and resistance to twisting forces
Ground substance composed of Glycosaminoglycans (GAG) proteins which include hyaluronic acid and chondrotitin sulfate

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8
Q

What is the function of red bone marrow?

A

Hematopoiesis

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9
Q

What is the function of yellow bone marrow?

A

stores lipids and fats

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10
Q

What is a nutrient foramen?

A

hole that allows the passage of blood vessels

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11
Q

Epiphysis line

A
  • only spot where bones grow in length.

- hyaline is replaced with bone until it is fused as we grow

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12
Q

Osteogenesis

A

ossification (the process of bone tissue formation) starts in the womb

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13
Q

What are the two types of ossification?

A

endochondral ossification and intramembranous ossification

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14
Q

endochondral ossification

A

bone develops from a template of hyaline cartilate. Used to form long bones

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15
Q

intramembranous ossification

A

bone develops directly from a template of fibrous connected tissue. Used to form flat bones.

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16
Q

What are the two ways growth in cartilage can occur?

A

appositional growth - growth from the outside

interstitial grown - growth from between the cells

17
Q

What are the reasons for bone remodeling?

A

adjustment of strength
change in shape
replacement of brittle osteoid

18
Q

osteoclasts cause bone resorption by:

A

acidification

secretion of acid proteases

19
Q

acidification

A

acts primarily on the mineral components of bone

breaks hydroxyapatite crystals back into ionized calcium and phosphate

20
Q

osteoblasts

A

Help Ca++ and PO4-3 to be deposited at this location by:

  • removing the “effects” from the osteoclast
  • producing alkaline phosphatase
  • inhibiting the inhibitors of calcium phosphate precipitation
  • secreting collagen fibers and GAG proteins
21
Q

Which hormones increase osteoblast activity?

A
  • growth hormone
  • thyroid hormones
  • estrogen
  • 24, 25 (OH)2 vitamin D
  • calcitonin
22
Q

Which hormones increase osteoclast activity?

A

cytokines
parathormone
1, 25 (OH)2 vitamin D

23
Q

Bones will be remodeled when put under _______ _____

A

compressive stress

24
Q

Wolff’s Law

A

a bone remodels in response to the demands placed on it

25
Q

Piezoelectric effect

A

when a crystal (or solid material) is compressed, an electric charge is generated

26
Q

What plays a larger role in Piezoelectric effect?

A

collagen (collagenous fibers) while hydroxyapatite crystals play a smaller role

27
Q

Osteoblasts will continue to build bone until what 2 conditions are met?

A

until it can withstand the compressive stress or the compressive stress is removed

28
Q

What are examples of diseases of the bone?

A

Osteopenia
Osteoporosis
Osteomalacia

29
Q

osteopenia

A

bone gets softer and weaker

30
Q

osteoporosis

A

Bone loss. Bone is less able to withstand compressive stress

31
Q

Who is more likely to get osteoporosis and why?

A

Women because:

  • mostly use estrogen for bone remodeling. After menopause, there is less estrogen
  • women have less bone to begin with
  • child birth means less calcium for mom
32
Q

osteomalacia

A

adult rickets, softening of the bone

  • due to deficiency in vitamin D or Ca++
  • can’t make enough crystals

BIO 141 (10 decks)

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