Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

BIO 141 > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

Biochemistry

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

matter

A

anything that takes up space and has mass

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

mass

A

a measure of the amount of matter an object contains

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

weight

A

a measure of how strongly an object is pulled by earth’s gravity. Can vary with the distance from the earth’s center

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

element

A

a substance that cannot be broken down into other substances by chemistry

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

molecule

A

a substance consisting of atoms held together by covalent bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

compound

A

a substance composed of 2 or more elements combined in a fixed ratio

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the “big 6” elements and their symbols?

A
  1. C – Carbon
  2. H – Hydrogen
  3. N – Nitrogen
  4. O – Oxygen
  5. P – Phosphate
  6. S – Sulfur
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Name 6 other elements as discussed in lecture

A
  1. Cl – Chlorine
  2. Fe – Iron
  3. Na – Sodium
  4. K – Potassium
  5. Ca – Calcium
  6. Zn – Zinc
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

atom

A

the smallest unit of matter that still keeps the physical and chemical properties of its element

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the subatomic particles of an atom, their charges, and their location?

A

Neutron - no charge - nucleus - 1 dal
Proton - +1 - nucleus - 1 dal
Electron - -1 - electron shell, orbital level - 1/2000 of 1 dal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

atomic number

A

the number of protons in an atom of a particular element

  • the number is unique for each element.
  • if neutral atom, protons and electrons are equal
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

mass number

A

the number of protons and neutrons in an atom

- can be used to determine the number of neutrons by subtracting the atomic number from this number

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

molecular weight/ mass

A

the sum of atomic masses/weights of all the atoms in a molecule
- expressed in units of daltons or A.M.U. (atomic mass units)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

isotopes

A

atoms of an element that have the same atomic number, but different mass numbers

  • different mass because different number of neutrons
  • some can be radioactive
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Which subatomic particle is directly involved in chemical reactions?

A

electrons (e-) because they are in the electron shell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the rules for energy shells and electrons?

A
  1. max of 2 electrons in the innermost electron shell
  2. electrons must occupy innermost shell first before filling the next
  3. 2nd can hold 8 electrons (rest can too)
  4. atoms will attempt to have a full shell of electrons (octet rule)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Name the types of chemical bonds

A
  1. Covalent bond
  2. Ionic bond
  3. Weak bonds (hydrogen bonds)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Covalent bonds

A

occurs when electrons are shared

  • very strong
  • can be single, double, or tripled based on pairs of electrons shared.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are the types of covalent bonds?

A

Nonpolar- equal electron sharing

Polar - unequal electron sharing.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Ionic bonds

A
  • formed by complete transfer of an electron from 1 atom to another
  • forms salts (NaCl)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

ion

A

a charged atom or molecule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

anion

A

a negatively charged ion (gains an electron)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

cation

A

a positively charged ion (loses an electron)

24
Q

hydrogen bonds

A

Hydrogen atom covalently bonded to one atom but is attracted to another

25
Q

heat

A

the total kinetic energy due to molecular motion in a body of matter

26
Q

temperature

A
  • measure of heat intensity to the average kinetic energy of molecules in a body of H2O
  • heat passes from warmer objects to cooler objects
27
Q

calorie (cal)

A

the amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of 1 g of water by 1 C

28
Q

Why does H2O have a fairly high specific heat?

A

It takes a great deal of energy to break apart the hydrogen bonds that connect different water molecules

29
Q

Vaporization / evaporation

A

the transformation of a substance from a liquid to a gaseous state

30
Q

Heat of vaporization

A

the quantity of heat a liquid must absorb for 1 gram to be converted to the gaseous state
- H2O has a high _____ ___ _________
~540g

31
Q

Why is water important to the body?

A
  1. it is a very good solvent
  2. water can gain or lose a great deal of heat without major changes in its own temperature
  3. used to help build up or break down many different compounds
  4. exhibits cohesion: the linking of 2 molecules to another of the same type usually with Hydrogen bonds
32
Q

Due to the hydrogen bonding, water is _____ dense as a solid than as a liquid.

A

less

33
Q

evaporative cooling

A

the cooling of a liquid’s surface when the liquid changes to a gaseous state

34
Q

solution

A

a liquid that is a homogenous mixture of 2 or more substances

35
Q

solvent

A

the dissolving agent of a solution (dissolver)

36
Q

solute

A

the substance dissolved in the solution

37
Q

hydrophilic

A

“water loving” has a strong affinity (attraction) for water

38
Q

hydrophobic

A

“water fearing”

term used to describe a condition where water is repelled

39
Q

molecular weight/mass

A

the sum of the atomic masses/weights of all the atoms in the molecule
Expressed in units of daltons and A.M.U. (atomic mass unit)

40
Q

mole

A

the amount of a substance that has a mass in grams equivalent to its molecular mass/weight in daltons

41
Q

Avogadro’s number

A

A mole of 1 substance has the same number of molecules as a mole of another

=6.022x10623

42
Q

Molarity (M)

A

the number of moles of solute per L of solution

43
Q

acid

A

a substance which breaks apart in solution to release or donate hydrogen ions

44
Q

base

A

a substance which removes hydrogen ions from a solution

45
Q

pH

A

the concentration of H+ ions in a solution = -log[H+]

46
Q

pH ____ when the acidity level _____

A
  • decreases, increases

- increases, decreases

47
Q

buffer

A

a substance that can stabilize pH by either removing or releasing H+ into the solution as needed.

48
Q

salts

A

inorganic compounds that dissolve in water, but do not release H+ or OH-
- Held together by ionic bonds

49
Q

hydroxyl group

A

R–OH-

Alcohols

50
Q

carboxyl group

A

O
ll
R–C–OH

Carboxylic acids

51
Q

Amino group

A

H
l
R–N–H

Amines

52
Q

sulfhydryl group

A

R–SH

Thiols

53
Q

phosphate groups

A 
O
          ll
R--O--P--O-
          l
         O-
organic phosphate
54
Q

Methyl group

A 
H
      l
R--C--H
      l
     H

methyl (methylated)

55
Q

carbonyl group

A

O
ll
R–C–R

Ketone or Aledhyde

56
Q

Carbohydrates

A
  • composed of C, H, and O atoms in a fixed ratio of 1:2:1

- Basic building blocks are simple sugars known as monosaccharides

BIO 141 (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions