Ch. 7 Flashcards
Articulation
articulations
joints
- the sites where 2 or more bones meet
What are the functions of the joints?
May Help Protect
- provide Motility to the skeleton
- Hold skeleton together
- Have some Protective function
How are joints classified based on functionality?
- synarthroses - immovable
- amphiarthroses - slightly movable
- diarthroses - freely movable
fibrous joints
bones connected by fibrous tissue. No joint cavity present.
sutures
found only between the bones of the skull
- fibers between the bones are very short
- Synarthrotic
- Used for growth but eventually they fuse into synostoses (bony junctions)
syndesmoses
- fibers between the bones are slightly longer and the bones are connected by the ligament
- amphiarthrotic joints
- Ex. distal tibial-fibular joint or ankle and distal radial-ulna joint or writst
gomphoses
a peg-like part of a bone fits into an opening on another bone
- Ex: tooth into alveolar socket of jaw bone (periodontal ligaments)
cartilaginous joints
bones are connected by cartilage
- no joint cavity present
synchondroses
a plate of hyaline cartilage is found between the bones
- almost synthrotic joints
- epiphyseal plates
- between rib and sternum
symphases
a plate of hyaline cartilage is found between the bones is a plate of fibrocartilage
amphiarthrotic joints
Synovial joints
bones are separated by a fluid containing joint cavity which allows for a large degree of movement.
- Diarthrotic joints
- Fluid used is synovial fluid
Fibrous capsule
dense irregular connective tissue
very tough
synovial membrane
loose (areolar) connective tissue and a little epithelial tissue
- produces synovial fluid
meniscus
pad of fibrocartilage on certain joints that acts as a protective pad/cushion
ligaments
bone to bone connections
tendon sheath
wraps around tendon which is filled with synovial fluid. protects tendon
bursa
protects ligaments
Gliding movements
one bone’s flat surface glides over another similar surface on a different point
(carpal and tarsal, clavicle and sternum)
angular movements
increase or decrease the angle of the joint and brings the bones closer together
flexion
movement that decreases the angle of the joint and brings the bones closer together
extension
the reverse of flexion
hyperextension
bones move beyond its straight or upright position
dorsiflexion
the upward movement of the foot so that the superior surface of the foot moves towards the shin
plantar flexion
the depression of the foot downward (pointing toes)
abduction
lateral movement of a limb away from the midline of the body or away from the longest digit on the hands or feet
hyperabduction
lateral movement of a limb (especially arms) to have it cross slightly over the midline and over to the other side of the body
adduction
movement of a limb towards the midline of the body or towards the longest digit on the hands/feet
hyperadduction
movement of a limb over the midline of the body or the movement of the fingers over the longest digit on the hand
circumduction
movement of a limb sot hat it forms a cone in space like a pitcher for baseball
rotation
turning the bone around its on axis
- medial - in
- lateral - out
supination
movement of the ulna and radius that by rotating the forearm laterally, the palm of the hands faces superiorly
pronation
movement of the ulna and radius that by rotating the forearm, the palm faces posteriorly
inversion
special movement of the foot that causes the sole of the foot to move medially
eversion
special movement of the foot that causes the sole of the foot to turn laterally
protraction
the anterior movement of a body part in the transverse plane (pushing jaw out)
retraction
the posterior movement of a body part in the transverse plane
elevation
movement that raises a body part vertically in the frontal plane
depression
movement that lowers a body part in the frontal plane (jaw dropping)
excursion
lateral - movement of mandible away from midline
medial- movement of mandibal toward the midline position
opposition
movement of the thumb to touch the tips of the fingers on the same hand
hinge joint
looks like a hinge and usually only able to do flexion and extension
plane joint
flat surface of 1 slights over the flat surface of another
pivot joint
rounded end on 1 bone fits into sleeve like structure of another
condiloid joint
allows rounded edges to “rock”
ball and socket joint
ball in socket and is mostly freely movable
What are some injuries of the joint?
sprain - ligaments surrounding joints are stretched or torn
dislocation
What are some diseases of the joint?
osteoarthritis
rheumatoid arthritis
gouty arthritis
arthritis
inflammation and degeneration of the joint
osteoarthritis
most common and occurs as we age. Bone on bone comes into contact forming bone spurs
Rheumatoid arthritis
autoimmune disease (immune system destroys joints and can happen at any point
Gouty arthritis
gout
build up of uric acid crystals
happens typically in joints furthest away from their heart
crystals can cut the soft tissues
