Chapter 5 Flashcards
Q: What is perception?
A: The act of becoming aware of the world what we have termed the five traditional senses: Taste, touch, sight, hearing, and smell. To this could be added the sensing of movement, balance, gravity, temperature, and pain.
Q: What is cultural synaesthesia?
A: A culturally shared response to sense other than the one being stimulated (e.g. hearing a sound and seeing a colour).
Q: What are schemas?
A: Patterned, repetitive experiences that are shared and easily understood by members of a particular culture.
Q: What are prototypes?
A: Examples of a typical instance, element, relation, or experience within a culture.
Q: What is visuality?
A: The ways that individuals from different societies learn to interpret what they see and to construct mental pictures using the visual practices that their own cultural systems favors.
Q: What is cognition?
A: (1) the mental process by which human beings gain knowledge, and (2) the “nexus of relations between the mind at work and the world in which it works.”
Q: What are taxonomies?
A: Hierarchical systems that sort groups of things that share at least one quality (e.g., dogs) into subgroups that share a greater number of qualities (e.g., poodles, collies, boxers).
Q: What are the elementary cognitive processes?
A: Mental tasks common to all humans without cognitive impairment.
Q: What are functional cognitive systems?
A: Culturally linked sets of cognitive processes that guide perception, conception, reason, and emotion.
Q: What is a cognitive style?
A: Recurring patterns of cognitive activity that characterize an individual’s perpetual and intellectual activities.
Q: What is a global style?
A: A field-dependent way of viewing the world that first sees it as a bundle of relationships and only later sees the smaller pieces involved in these relationships.
Q: What is an articulated style?
A: A field-independent way of viewing the world that breaks it up into small pieces, which can then be organized into larger chunks.
Q: What is thinking?
A: The active cognitive process of “going beyond the information given”
Q: What is syllogism?
A: A series of three statements in which the final statement (the conclusion) must follow logically from the first two statements (the premises).
Q: What is syllogistic reasoning?
A: A form of reasoning based on the syllogism.
Q: What is a reasoning style?
A: Culture and context-dependent ways in which we appraise, come to understand, and think about a cognitive task.
Q: What is emotion?
A: The product of entanglements connecting bodily arousal and cognitive interpretation.
Q: What is motivation?
A: The inner impulse to set (or accept) and accomplish goals.
Q: What is socialization?
A: The process by which human beings learn to become members of a group, both by interacting appropriately with others and by coping with the behavioral rules established by the group.
Q: What is enculturation?
A: The process by which human beings living with one another must learn to come to terms with the ways of thinking and feeling that are considered appropriate in their respective cultures.
Q: What is self?
A: The result of the process of socialization and enculturation for an individual.
Q: What is the zone of proximal development (ZDP)?
A: The difference between what individuals can achieve on their own and what they can achieve under the guidance of more experienced individuals.
Q: What is personality?
A: The relative integration of an individual’s perceptions, motives, cognitions, and behavior within a sociocultural matrix.
Q: What is subjectivity?
A: An individual’s awareness of his or her own agency and position as a subject.
