Chapter #5

Question 1

Activation Energy

Answer 1

the minimum quantity of energy that the reacting species must possess in order to undergo a specified reaction.

Question 2

Active Site

Answer 2

a region on an enzyme that binds to a protein or other substance during a reaction.

Question 3

Active Transport

Answer 3

the movement of ions or molecules across a cell membrane into a region of higher concentration, assisted by enzymes and requiring energy.

Question 4

ADP

Answer 4

an ester of adenosine that is converted to ATP for the storage of energy. Short for adenosine diphosphate. An organic compound that is composed of adenosine and two phosphate groups.

Question 5

ATP

Answer 5

considered by biologists to be the energy currency of life. It is the high-energy molecule that stores the energy we need to do just about everything we do.

Question 6

Calorie

Answer 6

the energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water through 1 °C

Question 7

Chemical Energy

Answer 7

energy stored in the bonds of chemical compounds (atoms and molecules). It is released in a chemical reaction, often producing heat as a by product (exothermic reaction).

Question 8

Concentration Gradient

Answer 8

the process of particles, which are sometimes called solutes, moving through a solution or gas from an area of higher number of particles to an area of lower number of particles. The areas are typically separated by a membrane.

Question 9

Conservation Energy

Answer 9

a principle stating that energy cannot be created or destroyed, but can be altered from one form to another.

Question 10

Phagocytosis

Answer 10

the ingestion of bacteria or other material by phagocytes and amoeboid protozoans.

Question 11

Potential Energy

Answer 11

the energy possessed by a body by virtue of its position relative to others, stresses within itself, electric charge, and other factors.

Question 12

Diffusion

Answer 12

The spontaneous movement of particles of any kind down a concentration gradient. (high concentration to low concentration)

Question 13

Endocytosis

Answer 13

The movement of materials into the cytoplasm of a cell via vesicles or vacuoles.

Question 14

Energy

Answer 14

The capacity to preform work, or to move matter in a direction it would mot move if left alone.

Question 15

Entropy

Answer 15

A measure of disorder. One form of disorder is heat, which is random molecular motion.

Question 16

hypertonic

Answer 16

in comparing two solutions, referring to the one with the greater concentration of solutes(shrivel, water leaves the substance)

Question 17

Enzyme Inhibitor

Answer 17

A chemical that interferes with an enzyme’s activity by changing the enzyme’s shape, either by plugging up the active site or binding to another site on the enzyme.

Question 18

induced fit

Answer 18

the interaction between a substrate molecule and the active site of an enzyme, which changes shape slightly to embrace the substrate and catalyze the reaction

Question 19

isotonic

Answer 19

having the same solute concentration as another solution

Question 20

Enzyme

Answer 20

A protein that serves as a biological catalyst, changing the rate of a chemical reaction without itself being changed in the process.

Question 21

Enzyme Inhibitor

Answer 21

A chemical that interferes with an enzyme’s activity by changing the enzyme’s shape, either by plugging up the active site or binding to another site on the enzyme.

Question 22

kinetic energy

Answer 22

energy of motion. moving matter performs work by transferring its motion to other matter, such as leg muscles pushing a bicycle pedal

Question 23

Exocytosis

Answer 23

The movement of materials out of the cytoplasm of a cell via membranous vesicle or vacuole.

Question 24

Facilitated Diffusion

Answer 24

The passage of a substance across a biological membrane down its concentration gradient, aided by specific transport proteins.

Question 25

Heat

Answer 25

The amount of kinetic energy contained in the movement of the atoms and molecules in a body of matter.

Question 26

Signal Transduction Pathway

Answer 26

A series of molecular changes that converts a signal on a target cell’s surface to a specific response inside of the cell.

Question 27

induced fit

Answer 27

the interaction between a substrate molecule and the active site of an enzyme, which changes shape slightly to embrace the substrate and catalyze the reaction

Question 28

isotonic

Answer 28

having the same solute concentration as another solution(balanced)

Question 29

kinetic energy

Answer 29

energy of motion. moving matter performs work by transferring its motion to other matter, such as leg muscles pushing bicycle pedals

Question 30

metabolism

Answer 30

the total of all the chemical reactions in an organism

Question 31

osmoregulation

Answer 31

the control of the gain or loss of water and dissolved solutes in an organism

Question 32

osmosis

Answer 32

the diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane

Question 33

passive transport

Answer 33

the diffusion of a substance across a biological membrane without any input of energy

Question 34

solute

Answer 34

a substance that is dissolved in a solution

Question 35

substrate

Answer 35

a specific substance which an enzyme reacts. Each enzyme recognizes only the specific substrate of the reaction it catalyzes. a surface in or on which an organism lives

Question 36

transport proteins

Answer 36

a membrane protein that helps move substances across a cell membrane