Chapter #5 Flashcards
Activation Energy
the minimum quantity of energy that the reacting species must possess in order to undergo a specified reaction.
Active Site
a region on an enzyme that binds to a protein or other substance during a reaction.
Active Transport
the movement of ions or molecules across a cell membrane into a region of higher concentration, assisted by enzymes and requiring energy.
ADP
an ester of adenosine that is converted to ATP for the storage of energy. Short for adenosine diphosphate. An organic compound that is composed of adenosine and two phosphate groups.
ATP
considered by biologists to be the energy currency of life. It is the high-energy molecule that stores the energy we need to do just about everything we do.
Calorie
the energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water through 1 °C
Chemical Energy
energy stored in the bonds of chemical compounds (atoms and molecules). It is released in a chemical reaction, often producing heat as a by product (exothermic reaction).
Concentration Gradient
the process of particles, which are sometimes called solutes, moving through a solution or gas from an area of higher number of particles to an area of lower number of particles. The areas are typically separated by a membrane.
Conservation Energy
a principle stating that energy cannot be created or destroyed, but can be altered from one form to another.
Phagocytosis
the ingestion of bacteria or other material by phagocytes and amoeboid protozoans.
Potential Energy
the energy possessed by a body by virtue of its position relative to others, stresses within itself, electric charge, and other factors.
Diffusion
The spontaneous movement of particles of any kind down a concentration gradient. (high concentration to low concentration)
Endocytosis
The movement of materials into the cytoplasm of a cell via vesicles or vacuoles.
Energy
The capacity to preform work, or to move matter in a direction it would mot move if left alone.
Entropy
A measure of disorder. One form of disorder is heat, which is random molecular motion.
hypertonic
in comparing two solutions, referring to the one with the greater concentration of solutes(shrivel, water leaves the substance)
Enzyme Inhibitor
A chemical that interferes with an enzyme’s activity by changing the enzyme’s shape, either by plugging up the active site or binding to another site on the enzyme.
induced fit
the interaction between a substrate molecule and the active site of an enzyme, which changes shape slightly to embrace the substrate and catalyze the reaction
isotonic
having the same solute concentration as another solution
Enzyme
A protein that serves as a biological catalyst, changing the rate of a chemical reaction without itself being changed in the process.
Enzyme Inhibitor
A chemical that interferes with an enzyme’s activity by changing the enzyme’s shape, either by plugging up the active site or binding to another site on the enzyme.
kinetic energy
energy of motion. moving matter performs work by transferring its motion to other matter, such as leg muscles pushing a bicycle pedal
Exocytosis
The movement of materials out of the cytoplasm of a cell via membranous vesicle or vacuole.
Facilitated Diffusion
The passage of a substance across a biological membrane down its concentration gradient, aided by specific transport proteins.
Heat
The amount of kinetic energy contained in the movement of the atoms and molecules in a body of matter.
Signal Transduction Pathway
A series of molecular changes that converts a signal on a target cell’s surface to a specific response inside of the cell.
induced fit
the interaction between a substrate molecule and the active site of an enzyme, which changes shape slightly to embrace the substrate and catalyze the reaction
isotonic
having the same solute concentration as another solution(balanced)
kinetic energy
energy of motion. moving matter performs work by transferring its motion to other matter, such as leg muscles pushing bicycle pedals
metabolism
the total of all the chemical reactions in an organism
osmoregulation
the control of the gain or loss of water and dissolved solutes in an organism
osmosis
the diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane
passive transport
the diffusion of a substance across a biological membrane without any input of energy
solute
a substance that is dissolved in a solution
substrate
a specific substance which an enzyme reacts. Each enzyme recognizes only the specific substrate of the reaction it catalyzes. a surface in or on which an organism lives
transport proteins
a membrane protein that helps move substances across a cell membrane
