Chapter 12

Question 1

genetic engineering

Answer 1

the direct manipulation of genes for practical purposes

Question 2

genetically modified organism(GMO)

Answer 2

an organism that has acquired one or more genes by artificial means. If the gene is from another organism, typically another species, the recombinant organism is also known as a transgenic organism

Question 3

genomic library

Answer 3

the entire collection of DNA segments from an organism’s genome. Each segment is usually carried by a plasmid or phage.

Question 4

genomics

Answer 4

the study of whole sets of genesand their interactions

Question 5

human gene therapy

Answer 5

a recombinant DNA procedure intended to treat disease by altering an afflicted person’s genes

Question 6

vaccine

Answer 6

a harmless variant or derivative of a pathogen, used to stimulate a host organism’s immune system to mount a long term defense against the pathogen

Question 7

Biotechnology

Answer 7

The manipulation of living organisms to perform useful tasks. Today it involves DNA technology.

Question 8

Clone

Answer 8

As in a verb to produce genetically identical copies of a cell, organisms or DNA molecule. As in noun, the collection of cells, organisms, or molecules resulting from cloning; also, a single organism that is genetically identical to another because it arose from the cloning of a somatic cell.

Question 9

DNA Ligase

Answer 9

An enzyme, essential for DNA replication, that catalyzes the covalent bonding if adjacent nucleotides.

Question 10

DNA Profiling

Answer 10

A procedure that analyzes an individual’s unique collection of genetic markers using PCR and gel electrophoresis. DNA profiling can be used to determine whether two samples of genetic material were derived from the same individual.

Question 11

DNA Technology

Answer 11

Methods used to study or manipulate genetic material.

Question 12

Forensics

Answer 12

The scientific analysis of evidence for crime scene investigations and other legal proceedings.

Question 13

Gel Electrophoresiscs

Answer 13

A technique used for sorting macromolecules. A mixture of molecules is placed on a gel between a positively charged electrode and a negatively charged electrode; negative charges on the molecules are attracted to the positive electrode and the molecules migrate toward that electrode. The molecules separate in the gell according to their rates of migration.

Question 14

Gene Cloning

Answer 14

The production of multiple copies of a gene.

Question 15

Transgenic Organism

Answer 15

An organism that contains genes from another organism, typically of another species.

Question 16

Plasmids

Answer 16

A circular bacterial DNA, sometimes used as a vector for gene insertion or genetic engineering. Often the site of code resistance for antibiotics

Question 17

Polymerase Chain Reaction

Answer 17

biomedical technology in molecular biology used to amplify a single copy or a few copies of a piece of DNA across several orders of magnitude, generating thousands to millions of copies of a particular DNA sequence.

Question 18

Proteomics

Answer 18

the study of proteomes and their functions.

Question 19

Recombinant DNA

Answer 19

DNA that has been formed artificially by combining constituents from different organisms.

Question 20

Restriction Enzymes

Answer 20

an enzyme produced chiefly by certain bacteria, having the property of cleaving DNA molecules at or near a specific sequence of bases.

Question 21

Vectors

Answer 21

an organism, typically a biting insect or tick, that transmits a disease or parasite from one animal or plant to another