Chapter 10

Question 1

Adenine (A)

Answer 1

A double ring nitrogenous base found in DNA and RNA

Question 2

Genetic Code

Answer 2

The set of rules giving the correspondence between codons and amino acids.

Question 3

phages

Answer 3

a virus that infects bacteria, also called bacteriophage

Question 4

AIDS

Answer 4

Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome;

Question 5

Lysogenic Cycle

Answer 5

A bacteriophage reproductive cycle in which the viral genome in incorporated into the bacterial host chromosome as a prophage; and the host cell is not killed or lysed until the viral genome leaves the host chromosome.

Question 6

Bacteriophages

Answer 6

A virus that infects a bacteria called a phage

Question 7

Cap

Answer 7

Extra nucleotides added to the beginning of an RNA transcript in the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell

Question 8

Molecular Biology

Answer 8

The study of molecular basis of heredity; molecular genetics.

Question 9

Cytosine (C)

Answer 9

A single ring nitrogenous base found in DNA and RNA

Question 10

DNA

Answer 10

The genetic material that organisms inherit from their parents; a double stranded helical macromolecule consisting of nucleotide monomers with deoxyribose sugar, a phosphate group, and the nitrogenous base adenine, cytosine, guanine, and thymine

Question 11

DNA Polymerase

Answer 11

The enzyme that assembles DNA nucleotides into polynucleotides using a preexisting strand of DNA as a template.

Question 12

Double Helix

Answer 12

The twisted ladder shape of DNA

Question 13

Emerging Viruses

Answer 13

A recently occurred virus, or one that has come to the attention of medical scientists

Question 14

Exons

Answer 14

In eukaryotes, a coding portion of the gene

Question 15

Start Codon

Answer 15

On mRNA the specific three nucleotide sequence (AUG) to which an initiator tRNA molecule binds starting translation of genetic information

Question 16

Stop Codon

Answer 16

In mRNA, one of three triplets (UAG, UAA, UGA) that signal gene translation to stop

Question 17

Sugar Phosphate Backbone

Answer 17

The alternating chain of sugar and phosphate to which DNA and RNA nitrogenous bases are attached

Question 18

polynucleotide

Answer 18

a polymer made up of many nucleotides covalently bonded together.

Question 19

Guanine

Answer 19

A double-ring nitrogenous base found in DNA and RNA.

Question 20

HIV

Answer 20

Human immunodeficiency virus; the retrovirus that attacks the human immune system and causes AIDS.

Question 21

Introns

Answer 21

In eukaryotes, a non expressed portion of a gene that is excised from the RNA transcript.

Question 22

Lysogenic Cycle

Answer 22

A bacteriophage reproductive cycle in which the viral genome in incorporated into the bacterial host chromosome as a prophage; and the host cell is not killed or lysed until the viral genome leaves the host chromosome.

Question 23

prion

Answer 23

an infectious form of protein that may multiply by converting related proteins to more prions. Prions cause many related diseases in different animals,including scrapie in sheep, mad cow disease, and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in humans.

Question 24

Lytic Cycle

Answer 24

A viral reproductive cycle resulting in the release of new viruses by result of lysis of the host cell.

Question 25

Messenger RNA

Answer 25

The type of ribonucleic acid that encodes genetic information from DNA and conveys it to ribosomes where the information is translated into amino acid sequences.

Question 26

Molecular Biology

Answer 26

The study of molecular basis of heredity; molecular genetics.

Question 27

Mutagen

Answer 27

A chemical or physical agent that interacts with DNA and causes a mutation.

Question 28

Mutation

Answer 28

A change in the nucleotide sequence of DNA

Question 29

Nucleotide

Answer 29

AN organic monomer consisting of a five-carbon sugar covalently bonded to a nitrogenous base and a phosphate group. The building blocks of a nucleic acid.

Question 30

Tail

Answer 30

Extra nucleotides added to the end of an RNA transcript in the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell.

Question 31

Terminator

Answer 31

A special sequence of nucleotides in DNA that marks the end of a gene. It signals RNA polymerase to release the newly made RNA molecule, which then departs from the gene.

Question 32

Thymine

Answer 32

A single-ring nitrogenous base found in DNA.

Question 33

Transcription

Answer 33

The synthesis of RNA on a DNA template.

Question 34

promoter

Answer 34

a specific nucleotide sequence in DNA, located at the start of the gene, that is the binding site for RNA polymerase and the place where transcription begins

Question 35

prophage

Answer 35

Phage DNA that has inserted into the DNA of a prokaryotic chromosome

Question 36

provirus

Answer 36

Viral DNA that inserts into a host genome

Question 37

retrovirus

Answer 37

A RNA virus that reproduces by means of a DNA molecule. It reverse-transcribes its RNA into DNA, inserts the DNA into a cellular chromosome, and then transcribes more copies of the RNA from the viral DNA. HIV and a number of cancer-causing viruses are retroviruses.

Question 38

reverse transcriptase

Answer 38

an enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of DNA on a RNA template

Question 39

ribosomal RNA

Answer 39

the type of ribonucleic acid that, together with proteins, makes up ribosomes: the most abundant type of RNA

Question 40

RNA polymerase

Answer 40

an enzyme that links together the growing chain of RNA nucleotides during transcription, using a DNA strand as a template

Question 41

RNA splicing

Answer 41

the removal of introns and joining of exons in eukaryotic RNA, forming an mRNA molecule with a continuous coding sequence: occurs before mRNA leaves the nucleus.

Question 42

Transfer RNA

Answer 42

a type of ribonucleic acid that functions as an interpreter in translation. Each tRNA molecule has a specific anticodon, picks up a specific amino acid, and conveys the amino acid to the appropriate codon on mRNA

Question 43

Translation

Answer 43

the synthesis of a polypeptide using the genetic information encoded in an mRNA molecule. There is a change of “language” from nucleotides to amino acids.

Question 44

uracil

Answer 44

a single ring nitrogenous base found in RNA

Question 45

virus

Answer 45

a microscopic particle capable of infecting cells of living organisms and inserting its genetic material. Viruses have a very simple structure and are generally not considered to be alive because they do not display all of the characteristics associated with life.