Chapter 5

Question 1

modern racism

Answer 1

prejudice that subtly surfaces when it is safe, socially acceptable, and easy to rationalize

Question 2

aversive racism

Answer 2

concerns the ambivalence between fair-minded attitudes and beliefs and unrecognized prejudicial feelings and beliefs

Question 3

implicit racism

Answer 3

the racism that operates unconsciously and unintentionally

Question 4

racism

Answer 4

prejudice or discrimination towards persons based on their racial background

Question 5

sexism

Answer 5

prejudice or discrimination towards persons based on their gender

Question 6

stereotype

Answer 6

belief or association that links a whole group of people with certain traits or characteristics

Question 7

prejudice

Answer 7

negative feelings toward persons based on their membership in certain groups

Question 8

discrimination

Answer 8

behavior directed against persons because of their membership in a particular group

Question 9

ambivalent sexism

Answer 9

prejudice characterized by attitudes about women that reflect both negative beliefs and also affectionate beliefs

Question 10

stigmatized

Answer 10

state of being persistently stereotyped and devalued in society because of a particular characteristic

Question 11

social categorization

Answer 11

classification of persons into groups on the basis of common attributes

Question 12

stereotype threat

Answer 12

experience of concern about being evaluated based on negative stereotypes about one’s group

Question 13

ingroup

Answer 13

social body with which one feels a sense of membership, belonging, and identity

Question 14

outgroup

Answer 14

social body with which one does not feel a sense of membership, belonging, or identity

Question 15

outgroup homogeneity effect

Answer 15

tendency to assume that greater similarity exists among outgroup members than among ingroup members

Question 16

social dominance orientation

Answer 16

desire to see one’s ingroup adopt cultural values that facilitate oppression over other groups

Question 17

system justification theory

Answer 17

proposal that people are motivated to defend and justify existing social, political, and economic conditions

Question 18

superordinate goal

Answer 18

shared objective that can be achieved only through cooperation among individuals or groups

Question 19

realistic conflict theory

Answer 19

proposal that hostility between groups is caused by direct competition for limited resources

Question 20

relative deprivation

Answer 20

feeling of discontent aroused by the belief that one fares poorly compared with others

Question 21

ingroup favoritism

Answer 21

tendency to discriminate in favor of a social body to which one belongs

Question 22

social identity theory

Answer 22

theory that people favor ingroups over outgroups in order to enhance their self-esteem

Question 23

social role theory

Answer 23

theory that perceptions of gender differences are magnified by men’s and women’s contrasting social roles

Question 23

illusory correlation

Answer 23

overestimate of the association between variables that are only slightly or not at all correlated

Question 24

stereotype content model

Answer 24

approach proposing that the relative status and competition between groups influence group stereotypes

Question 25

subliminal presentation

Answer 25

presenting stimuli so faintly or rapidly that people are not consciously aware of exposure

Question 26

contact hypothesis

Answer 26

assertion that direct communication between hostile groups will reduce intergroup prejudice under certain conditions

Question 27

jigsaw classroom

Answer 27

cooperative learning method used to reduce racial prejudice through interaction in group efforts