Chapter 2

Question 1

hypothesis

Answer 1

testable prediction about the conditions under which an event will occur

Question 2

Theory

Answer 2

organized set of principles used to explain observed phenomena

Question 3

basic research

Answer 3

analysis designed to increase understanding of human behavior by testing hypotheses based on a theory

Question 4

applied research

Answer 4

analysis designed to make applications to the world and contribute to solving social problems

Question 5

operational definition

Answer 5

specific procedures for manipulating or measuring a conceptual variable

Question 6

bogus pipeline technique

Answer 6

procedure where research participants are falsely told a lie detector will verify their responses

Question 7

interrater reliability

Answer 7

degree to which different observers agree on their observations

Question 8

random sampling

Answer 8

method of selecting study participants so that everyone has an equal chance of participating

Question 9

correlational research

Answer 9

analysis designed to measure the association between variables that the researcher does not manipulate

Question 10

correlation coefficient

Answer 10

statistical measure of the strength and direction of the association between two variables

Question 11

experiment

Answer 11

form of research that can demonstrate causal relationships

Question 12

random assignment

Answer 12

method where participants are not assigned to a condition according to their characteristics

Question 13

independent variable

Answer 13

experimental factor that experimenters manipulate

Question 14

dependent variable

Answer 14

experimental factor that experimenters measure but do not manipulate

Question 15

subject variable

Answer 15

variable that characterizes preexisting differences among the participants in a study

Question 16

replication

Answer 16

repeating a research study to check the results of the original study

Question 17

confound

Answer 17

factor other than the independent variable that varies between the conditions of an experiment

Question 18

experimenter expectancy effect

Answer 18

effect produced when a researcher’s hypotheses affect his or her behavior toward a participant

Question 19

mundane realism

Answer 19

degree to which the experimental situation resembles places and events in the real world

Question 20

experimental realism

Answer 20

degree to which experimental procedures lead participants to behave naturally and spontaneously

Question 21

confederate

Answer 21

accomplice of an experimenter who acts as if he or she is also a participant

Question 22

deception

Answer 22

method that provides false information to participants

Question 23

meta-analysis

Answer 23

technique to test hypotheses by using a set of statistical procedures to examine existing research

Question 24

informed consent

Answer 24

deliberate, voluntary decision to participate in research

Question 25

debriefing

Answer 25

disclosure made to participants after research procedures are completed to explain the experiment’s purpose

Question 26

preregistration

Answer 26

researchers reporting their research design, predictions, and plans for data analyses before conducting their study

Question 27

internal validity

Answer 27

degree of certainty that the independent variables caused the effects obtained on the dependent variables

Question 28

external validity

Answer 28

degree of confidence that the results of a study apply to other people and situations

Question 29

construct validity

Answer 29

extent to which the measures measure and manipulate variables as intended