Chapter 5 Flashcards

The growth of opposition to Tsarist rule

1
Q

How did Alexander II’s censorship reforms affect opposition?

A

It encouraged the spread of radical literature and higher education encouraged independently minded students

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

How did the creation of the zemstva affect opposition?

A

It provided a platform for intellectuals to challenge Tsarist policies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Why did the liberal intelligentsia grow with the reforms in the later nineteenth century?

A

The benefits of education, wealth, time and interest, national travel

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What philosophical ideas was the intelligentsia influenced most broadly by?

A

Nihilism and anarchism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What were the two broad categories of liberal opposition?

A

Westernisers and Slavophiles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What did Westernisers aspire to?

A

They wanted to ‘catch up with the west’ by copying Western ways and abandoning Slavic traditions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What did Slavophiles aspire to?

A

They favoured a superior Russian path to a better future - its culture should be preserved as the country modernised

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the most notable examples of Westernisers and Slavophiles

A

Ivan Turgenev was a Westerniser, whilst Leo Tolstoy was a Slavophile

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What were the hopes of the members of the zemstva?

A

To reform the autocracy so that the Tsar would listen to and rule in conjuction with his subjects

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

How did the rise of socialism affect the intelligentsia?

A

Some were attracted to Marxist theory and were drawn to socialism whilst others maintained a more moderate liberal stance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What major political event increased convictions that the Tsarist government had to change?

A

The Great Famine 1891-92

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What radical group was established by students following fires in 1863?

A

‘The Organisation’

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Who is the initial author of ‘What is to be done’?

A

Nikolai Chernyshevsky

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Who was the editor of radical journal ‘The Bell’?

A

Aleksandr Herzen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

How did Mikhail Bakunin contribute to radical political circles?

A

By introducing a translation of Marx’s ‘The Communist Manifesto’ in 1869

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What was Bakunin and Nechaev’s manifesto that called for a revolution?

A

Catechism of a Revolutionary

17
Q

When was the Tchaikovsky Circle established and what were its functions?

A

1868-69 and it organised the printing, publishing and distribution of scientific and revolutionary literature

18
Q

What was the idea of ‘going to the people’ known as?

A

Narodynism

19
Q

What did Pyotr Lavrov encourage in 1874?

A

A group of 2000 to travel to the countryside to persuade the peasantry that the country was dependent on their labour

20
Q

Why were the Narodniks extremely unsuccessful?

A

The peasants’ ignorance, superstition and deep-rooted loyalty to the Tsar led to them being reported

21
Q

How many Narodniks were eventually arrested?

22
Q

What radical group followed the Populist tradition?

A

Land and Liberty, established in 1877

23
Q

Which notable political assassination did ‘Land and Liberty’ carry out?

A

General Mezemtsev, head of the Third Section (secret police)

24
Q

What other role did Land and Liberty have to carry out Populist teachings?

A

Its members sought work within peasant communes and rallied these communes

25
What was Black Repartition?
A radical group, split from Land and Liberty, that developed ties with students and workers as well as creating radical materials in order to cause social change without violence
26
What was The People's Will?
A radical group that advocated violent methods undermining government officials through political assassinations. Responsible for the assassination of Alexander II in 1881
27
What did 'Self-education' circles attempt to achieve?
They translated and reproduced the writings of foreign socialists, and also kept contacts with radicals in exile
28
Which group did Georgi Plekhanov establish and what was their purpose?
'Emancipation of Labour' which translated and smuggled in Marxist tracts
29
What is Georgi Plekhanov often referred to as?
The Father of Russian Marxism