Chapter 3

Question 1

When was the first of Alexander II’s assassination attempts?

Answer 1

1866

Question 2

What factors led to Alexander II’s far more reactionary policies?

Answer 2

His distance from his more reformist family members (Duke Konstantin) and his numerous assassination attempts

Question 3

What were the characteristics of the reactionaries?

Answer 3

A strong belief in the church and nobility, a fear of spreading ‘Western’ ideas and the rise of differing religions

Question 4

Who replaced Golovnin as Minister for Education?

Answer 4

Dmitry Tolstoy

Question 4

Who replaced Pyotr Valuev as Minister of Internal Affairs

Answer 4

Aleksandr Timashev

Question 5

What was Tolstoy’s beliefs on education?

Answer 5

He felt a tight control on education was necessary to eradictae the Western liberals ideals and criticism of the autocracy

Question 6

How were schools affected by Tolstoy?

Answer 6

The zemstva’s power on education was reduced, the Church regained its authority and schools were forced to adopt a traditional curriculum

Question 7

How were universities affected by Tolstoy?

Answer 7

Subjects that encouraged critical thinking were forced out in favour of traditional subjects and censorship was tightened

Question 8

How did Tolstoy control university admissions?

Answer 8

He used the government’s right to veto university applications for many female applicants

Question 9

What was Pyotr Shuvalov’s impact on policing?

Answer 9

He encouraged the Third Section and stepped up the persecution of ethnic minorities

Question 10

How did Pahlen influence law and order?

Answer 10

Searches and arrests were increased and governor generals (introduced in 1879) had powers to prosecute in military courts

Question 11

What was Pahlen’s greatest political failing?

Answer 11

He introduced ‘show’ trials but they failed to defer revolutionary activity

Question 12

How were the late 1870s a time of political crisis in Russia?

Answer 12

Russo-Turkish war (1177-78), famine and industrial unrest, as well as more assassination attempts

Question 13

How did Count Mikhail Loris-Melikov appease Russians?

Answer 13

By releasing political prisoners, relaxing censorship, removing the salt tax and lifting restrictions of the zemstva

Question 14

What was the Third Section replaced by?

Answer 14

Okhrana

Question 15

What was the 1881 Loris-Melikov Constitution?

Answer 15

A set of proposals that set out for elected representatives of the nobility, zemstvas and towns - did not happen because of Alexander II’s assassination in 1881

Question 16

Who was Alexander III’s tutor and guide?

Answer 16

Konstantin Pobedonostev

Question 17

What was the first legislation Alexander III introduced?

Answer 17

1881 Manifeso of Unshakeable Autocracy

Question 18

What was the Law on Exceptional Measures

Answer 18

A law which said that a commander-in-chief could be appointed to take control of a locality

Question 19

Which one of Alexander II’s ministers famously resigned following Alexander III’s ascension?

Answer 19

Dmitry Milyutin

Question 20

What were Land Captains and when were they introduced?

Answer 20

They were introduced in July 1889 and had the power to override elections to the zemstvo and disregard their decisions. They were also solely responsible for law enforcement

Question 21

What was the impact of placing the zemstva under central government control?

Answer 21

A focus on social services such as healthcare and education to avoid political discussion

Question 22

Who ran the Department of Police and the Okhrana from 1881 to 1884?

Answer 22

Vyacheslav von Plehve

Question 23

What was the 1882 Statute on Police Surveillance?

Answer 23

An act which meant that police agents could search, question, imprison or exile not only criminals but also anyone likely to commit, anyone who knew of criminal activity or were related to criminals

Question 24

What powers were the Minister of Justice granted in 1885, 1887 and 1889 respectively?

Answer 24

1885 - could freely dismiss judges, 1887 - could hold closed court sessions, 1889 - could appoint town judges

Question 25

Who were volost courts put under the control of?

Answer 25

Land captains

Question 26

What were the appointment of university faculty dependent on from 1884?

Answer 26

Their ‘religious, moral and patriotic orientation’ rather than their academic qualifications

Question 27

How was education now divided based on class?

Answer 27

Children from the lowest classes were to be restricted to only primary education

Question 28

What percentage of the population was literate by 1897?

Answer 28

21%

Question 29

What did ‘temporary regulations’ allow for?

Answer 29

They allowed for newspapers to be closed down and life bans on editors and publishers

Question 30

In what areas was censorship introduced to?

Answer 30

Theatre, art and culture - as a result of Russification

Question 31

What was introduced in 1881 to benefit serfs?

Answer 31

Reduced the redemption fees and cancelled the arrears of ex-serfs in 37 provinces

Question 32

What tax was introduced in May 1885?

Answer 32

Inheritance tax