chapter 5

Question 1

Peer

Answer 1

Someone who is at roughly the same level in age, social status, or level of functioning with another.

Question 2

Age segregation

Answer 2

The social custom of grouping people, such as children and adolescents, on the basis of their chronological age.

Question 3

Generation gap

Answer 3

The idea that there is a sharp divide between the value systems and goals of adolescents and adults.

Question 4

Postfigurative culture

Answer 4

A culture in which social change is slow and younger generations need to acquire the knowledge and skills of their elders.

Question 5

Cofigurative culture

Answer 5

A culture in which social change is fairly rapid and both older and younger generations come to have knowledge and skills that the other needs to acquire

Question 6

Prefigurative culture

Answer 6

A culture in which social change is rapid and older generations need to replace obsolete knowledge and skills with those of the younger generation.

Question 7

Youth culture

Answer 7

The idea that adolescents as a group have customs, values, and beliefs that separate them from the culture of adults.

Question 8

Conformity

Answer 8

Doing as others are doing or as others urge one to do, whether or not it fits with personal inclinations, values, and beliefs.

Question 9

Normative social influence

Answer 9

Acting like others because there is a social norm that prescribes doing as others do.

Question 10

Informational social influence

Answer 10

Acting like others because of a belief that others have better information about the correct thing to do.

Question 11

Reference group

Answer 11

A set of people that someone looks to for information about what to do and what constitutes doing well, as well as evaluative comments and praise.

Question 12

Social comparison

Answer 12

The process of comparing one’s status or performance with that of a particular reference group.

Question 13

Self-reinforcement

Answer 13

Rewarding or punishing oneself for what one considers a good or bad outcome of one’s actions.

Question 14

Need to belong

Answer 14

The drive to be part of the social group and to feel accepted by others.

Question 15

Cross-pressures

Answer 15

A situation in which someone is subject to competing social influences from different sources, such as parents and peers.

Question 16

Sociometric techniques

Answer 16

Research tools used to study the structure and inner connections of social groups.

Question 17

Social preference

Answer 17

In nomination studies, the degree to which a person is chosen as liked (and not chosen as disliked) by others in the social group.

Question 18

Social impact

Answer 18

The degree to which a person is chosen either as liked or disliked.

Question 19

Popular

Answer 19

In nomination studies, a label for those who are high in both social preference and social impact.

Question 20

Rejected

Answer 20

In nomination studies, a label for those who are low in social preference but high in social impact.

Question 21

Neglected

Answer 21

In nomination studies, a label for those who are very low in social impact and neutral in social preference.

Question 22

Controversial

Answer 22

In nomination studies, a label for those who are very high in social impact but neutral in social preference.

Question 23

Average

Answer 23

In nomination studies, a label for those who are near the middle on both social preference and social impact.

Question 24

Hostile attributional bias

Answer 24

A tendency to assume that ambiguous actions by others are the result of hostile intent and to respond in a hostile fashion.

Question 25

Relational aggression

Answer 25

Trying to hurt someone by attacking their personal and social relationships, for example through ridicule, exclusion, and malicious gossip.

Question 26

Social cognition

Answer 26

The ability to reason effectively about people and social relationships.

Question 27

Social perspective taking

Answer 27

The capacity to infer or imagine the thoughts, perceptions, and emotions of other people.

Question 28

Clique

Answer 28

A small, close-knit group of friends, generally of the same age, sex, and social status.

Question 29

What is a peer and why are they important during adolescence?

Answer 29

Peers are individuals who share similar characteristics or experiences with an adolescent, playing a crucial role in their socialization, learning, and development.

Question 30

How does the concept of friendship evolve from early childhood to adolescence?

Answer 30

In early childhood, friends are typically playmates. This evolves into shared values and tastes during mid-childhood, and by early adolescence, friendships are characterized by intimacy and loyalty.

Question 31

How does authoritative parenting influence peer orientation?

Answer 31

Authoritative parenting tends to result in adolescents having healthy relationships with peers and closer peer connections.

Question 32

What is the relationship between authoritarian parenting and peer orientation?

Answer 32

Adolescents with authoritarian parents may exhibit an extreme orientation towards peers and often seek advice from peers over parents.

Question 33

How do permissive or neglectful parenting styles affect adolescents’ peer orientation?

Answer 33

These parenting styles can lead to adolescents being highly influenced by peers, susceptible to peer pressure, and more likely to seek advice from peers.

Question 34

How is acceptance and rejection within a peer group assessed?

Answer 34

Through methods like sociometry and peer nomination, which involve asking peers questions like “Who do you like most/least?” to determine an adolescent’s status within the group.

Question 35

What is the difference between sociometric popularity and perceived popularity?

Answer 35

Sociometric popularity is based on being liked and accepted, often linked to prosocial behavior, while perceived popularity is associated with dominance and higher status traits like wealth or style.

Question 36

Discuss how social media influences adolescent peer interactions and friendships.

Answer 36

Social media changes the dynamics of how teens interact with peers, possibly amplifying issues like peer pressure and bullying, but also providing platforms for maintaining and developing friendships.

Question 37

What are some non-behavioral and behavioral correlates of peer acceptance and rejection?

Answer 37

Non-behavioral correlates include birth order, self-esteem, intelligence, and physical attractiveness. Behavioral correlates relate to the quality of social interactions and skills like conflict resolution.

Question 38

Why do peers become more central during adolescence?

Answer 38

Adolescents spend a significant amount of time with peers, which influences their socialization and learning. This time increases as they seek independence from family, with peers offering advice and emotional support.

Question 39

How do adolescents’ relationships with peers differ across cultures?

Answer 39

While seeking greater peer involvement is common across cultures, specific social and historical trends affect this. Gender differences in peer relations are also observed, with boys often having more peer-oriented interactions than girls.

Question 40

What changes lead adolescents to spend more time with peers than family?

Answer 40

Social trends like smaller family sizes, dual-earner families, and urbanization contribute to adolescents spending more time with age-mates.

Question 41

How does age segregation impact adolescent peer relationships?

Answer 41

Age segregation, often structured by schools and activities, leads adolescents to spend most time with peers of the same age, influencing their social interactions and development.

Question 42

What is the ‘generation gap,’ and how has it evolved?

Answer 42

The ‘generation gap’ refers to differences in values and beliefs between adolescents and adults. Technological and social changes can amplify these differences, altering generational relationships.

Question 43

How does the need to belong shape adolescent behavior?”

Answer 43

The need to belong drives adolescents to seek group inclusion, impacting their choices and behaviors to avoid feeling isolated or rejected.”