chapter 5 Flashcards
Peer
Someone who is at roughly the same level in age, social status, or level of functioning with another.
Age segregation
The social custom of grouping people, such as children and adolescents, on the basis of their chronological age.
Generation gap
The idea that there is a sharp divide between the value systems and goals of adolescents and adults.
Postfigurative culture
A culture in which social change is slow and younger generations need to acquire the knowledge and skills of their elders.
Cofigurative culture
A culture in which social change is fairly rapid and both older and younger generations come to have knowledge and skills that the other needs to acquire
Prefigurative culture
A culture in which social change is rapid and older generations need to replace obsolete knowledge and skills with those of the younger generation.
Youth culture
The idea that adolescents as a group have customs, values, and beliefs that separate them from the culture of adults.
Conformity
Doing as others are doing or as others urge one to do, whether or not it fits with personal inclinations, values, and beliefs.
Normative social influence
Acting like others because there is a social norm that prescribes doing as others do.
Informational social influence
Acting like others because of a belief that others have better information about the correct thing to do.
Reference group
A set of people that someone looks to for information about what to do and what constitutes doing well, as well as evaluative comments and praise.
Social comparison
The process of comparing one’s status or performance with that of a particular reference group.
Self-reinforcement
Rewarding or punishing oneself for what one considers a good or bad outcome of one’s actions.
Need to belong
The drive to be part of the social group and to feel accepted by others.
Cross-pressures
A situation in which someone is subject to competing social influences from different sources, such as parents and peers.
Sociometric techniques
Research tools used to study the structure and inner connections of social groups.
Social preference
In nomination studies, the degree to which a person is chosen as liked (and not chosen as disliked) by others in the social group.
Social impact
The degree to which a person is chosen either as liked or disliked.
Popular
In nomination studies, a label for those who are high in both social preference and social impact.
Rejected
In nomination studies, a label for those who are low in social preference but high in social impact.
Neglected
In nomination studies, a label for those who are very low in social impact and neutral in social preference.
Controversial
In nomination studies, a label for those who are very high in social impact but neutral in social preference.
Average
In nomination studies, a label for those who are near the middle on both social preference and social impact.
Hostile attributional bias
A tendency to assume that ambiguous actions by others are the result of hostile intent and to respond in a hostile fashion.
Relational aggression
Trying to hurt someone by attacking their personal and social relationships, for example through ridicule, exclusion, and malicious gossip.
Social cognition
The ability to reason effectively about people and social relationships.
Social perspective taking
The capacity to infer or imagine the thoughts, perceptions, and emotions of other people.
Clique
A small, close-knit group of friends, generally of the same age, sex, and social status.
What is a peer and why are they important during adolescence?
Peers are individuals who share similar characteristics or experiences with an adolescent, playing a crucial role in their socialization, learning, and development.
How does the concept of friendship evolve from early childhood to adolescence?
In early childhood, friends are typically playmates. This evolves into shared values and tastes during mid-childhood, and by early adolescence, friendships are characterized by intimacy and loyalty.
How does authoritative parenting influence peer orientation?
Authoritative parenting tends to result in adolescents having healthy relationships with peers and closer peer connections.
What is the relationship between authoritarian parenting and peer orientation?
Adolescents with authoritarian parents may exhibit an extreme orientation towards peers and often seek advice from peers over parents.
How do permissive or neglectful parenting styles affect adolescents’ peer orientation?
These parenting styles can lead to adolescents being highly influenced by peers, susceptible to peer pressure, and more likely to seek advice from peers.
How is acceptance and rejection within a peer group assessed?
Through methods like sociometry and peer nomination, which involve asking peers questions like “Who do you like most/least?” to determine an adolescent’s status within the group.
What is the difference between sociometric popularity and perceived popularity?
Sociometric popularity is based on being liked and accepted, often linked to prosocial behavior, while perceived popularity is associated with dominance and higher status traits like wealth or style.
Discuss how social media influences adolescent peer interactions and friendships.
Social media changes the dynamics of how teens interact with peers, possibly amplifying issues like peer pressure and bullying, but also providing platforms for maintaining and developing friendships.
What are some non-behavioral and behavioral correlates of peer acceptance and rejection?
Non-behavioral correlates include birth order, self-esteem, intelligence, and physical attractiveness. Behavioral correlates relate to the quality of social interactions and skills like conflict resolution.
Why do peers become more central during adolescence?
Adolescents spend a significant amount of time with peers, which influences their socialization and learning. This time increases as they seek independence from family, with peers offering advice and emotional support.
How do adolescents’ relationships with peers differ across cultures?
While seeking greater peer involvement is common across cultures, specific social and historical trends affect this. Gender differences in peer relations are also observed, with boys often having more peer-oriented interactions than girls.
What changes lead adolescents to spend more time with peers than family?
Social trends like smaller family sizes, dual-earner families, and urbanization contribute to adolescents spending more time with age-mates.
How does age segregation impact adolescent peer relationships?
Age segregation, often structured by schools and activities, leads adolescents to spend most time with peers of the same age, influencing their social interactions and development.
What is the ‘generation gap,’ and how has it evolved?
The ‘generation gap’ refers to differences in values and beliefs between adolescents and adults. Technological and social changes can amplify these differences, altering generational relationships.
How does the need to belong shape adolescent behavior?”
The need to belong drives adolescents to seek group inclusion, impacting their choices and behaviors to avoid feeling isolated or rejected.”
