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adolescence and emerging adulthood > chapter 4 > Flashcards

chapter 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Socialization

A

The process through which children acquire the attitudes, beliefs, behaviours, and skills that their parents and culture consider appropriate.

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2
Q

Positive feedback loop

A

A system in which an increase or decrease in one connected factor leads to a change in the same direction in the other connected factor.

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3
Q

Negative feedback loop

A

A system in which a change in one connected factor leads to a change in the opposite direction in the other connected factor.

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4
Q

Disequilibrium

A

In a family system, a situation in which there is significant change in a family member or in a relationship between family members.

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5
Q

Phase transition

A

A period of change in a family system during which minor events may have far-reaching consequences.

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6
Q

Nuclear family

A

A single set of parents and their children

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7
Q

Extended family

A

A family that includes grandparents, aunts and uncles, and other kin, as well as parents and children.

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8
Q

Acceptance/responsiveness

A

A dimension of child rearing that includes giving praise, warmth, and affection and paying attention to children’s wants, needs, and concerns.

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9
Q

Demandingness/control

A

A dimension of child rearing that includes setting rules, stating expectations clearly, and monitoring the child to make sure that rules are followed and expectations are met.

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10
Q

Authoritative parents

A

Those who are both responsive and demanding.

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11
Q

Authoritarian parents

A

Those who are demanding but not responsive.

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12
Q

Indulgent parents

A

Those who are responsive but not demanding.

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13
Q

Indifferent parents

A

Those who are neither responsive nor demanding.

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14
Q

Goodness of fit

A

The relationship between the demands and expectations of parents and the temperament of the child.

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15
Q

Autonomy

A

An ability to act independently and a willingness to take responsibility for one’s actions.

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16
Q

Emotional autonomy

A

The ability to function without having to rely on others, such as parents, to provide a sense of comfort and security.

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17
Q

Behavioural autonomy

A

The ability to make one’s own decisions and take responsibility for them.

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18
Q

Behavioural control

A

The rules and limits parents place on their child’s activities.

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19
Q

Psychological control

A

Trying to control children by acting on their thoughts and feelings.

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20
Q

Attachment

A

The emotional bond that develops between parents and children; may include secure, resistant, avoidant, and disorganized/disoriented attachment.

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21
Q

Internal working models

A

The basic positive or negative concepts that children form about other people and about themselves.

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22
Q

Detachment

A

The process by which adolescents break away from their parents.

23
Q

Genotype

A

A person’s genetic makeup, as contrasted with the phenotype, or the way genetic makeup is expressed in the person.

24
Q

Behavioural genetics

A

A method for inferring the influence of genes and environment by studying people who are genetically related.

25
Q

Twin study

A

Research that compares identical and fraternal twins to assess the effects of nature and nurture.

26
Q

Adoption study

A

Research that compares adopted children with their biological and adoptive parents to assess the effects of nature and nurture.</GLOSS

27
Q

Passive genotype–environment correlation

A

A situation in which parents create environments that are associated with their own genetically influenced traits, which are similar to those of their child.

28
Q

Evocative genotype–environment correlation

A

A situation in which a child has genetically influenced traits that evoke particular responses from others.

29
Q

Active genotype–environment correlation

A

A situation in which children seek out settings that are congenial to their genetically influenced traits.

30
Q

Gene–environment interaction

A

A situation in which a particular genetic predisposition is expressed in one environment but not in another, or in which a particular environment has a certain effect on those with one set of genes but not on those with a different set.

31
Q

De-identification

A

A process in which siblings deliberately define themselves as different from one another by taking up different interests, activities, friends, and so on.

32
Q

Sibling collusion

A

A situation in which siblings form coalitions that encourage deviant or problem behaviour.

33
Q

Latchkey teens

A

Adolescents who are without adult supervision after school and on vacation days, usually because parents work outside the home.

34
Q

“What are the core functions of a family during adolescence?”

A

“Families provide socialization, ensuring adolescents acquire cultural values and beliefs, support survival and security, and promote economic skills and social values like achievement and creativity.”

35
Q

“How does adolescence affect the family system?”

A

Adolescence introduces changes that necessitate adjustments within the family, affecting relationships and potentially leading to renegotiation of roles and rules.”

36
Q

What are the different parenting styles identified in the research?”

A

Parenting styles include authoritative (demanding and responsive), authoritarian (demanding but not responsive), indulgent (responsive but not demanding), and indifferent (neither responsive nor demanding).”

37
Q

How do parenting styles affect adolescent outcomes?”

A

Authoritative parenting is linked to favorable outcomes like independence and self-esteem, while other styles may lead to issues such as dependency, immaturity, or social problems.”

38
Q

What is the impact of extended family on adolescents?”

A

Extended family provides additional support and can influence adolescent development positively by offering emotional backing and wider social connections.”

39
Q

“How does the concept of ‘goodness of fit’ apply to parenting?”

A

“Goodness of fit refers to the compatibility between parents’ approaches and the child’s temperament, affecting the success of socialization and emotional development.”

40
Q

How do cultural and ethnic differences influence parenting styles?”

A

“Cultural and ethnic backgrounds can shape parenting practices and expectations, potentially affecting the appropriateness and effectiveness of different parenting styles.”

41
Q

Why are autonomy and control significant issues in adolescence?”

A

Autonomy represents a teen’s ability to act independently, while control involves parental guidance and limits. Balancing these helps adolescents mature responsibly.”

42
Q

What is psychological control and its impact on adolescents?”

A

Psychological control involves parents manipulating a child’s emotions or thoughts, often leading to negative outcomes like anxiety or issues with self-identity.”

43
Q

What role does attachment play in adolescent development?”

A

Attachment affects adolescents’ relationships and emotional security. Secure attachment typically leads to better social skills and self-esteem, while insecure attachment can result in relationship difficulties.”

44
Q

Define the concept of ‘family as a system’ in the context of adolescence.

A

The family is seen as a system where each member and their changes (like an adolescent’s puberty) create corresponding adjustments in other members and the system as a whole, impacting relationships and functioning

45
Q

What are the main parenting styles identified by researchers?

A

The main parenting styles are authoritative, authoritarian, permissive, and uninvolved, each with different levels of responsiveness and control which impact adolescent development​

46
Q

Explain ‘phase transitions’ within a family system.

A

Phase transitions are periods where old patterns break down, and new ones emerge, often during significant changes like adolescence, where even minor events can have substantial consequences on the family dynamic​

47
Q

How does the onset of adolescence change the functions and expectations within a family?

A

As children enter adolescence, they seek more independence, and their social focus shifts outside the family, leading to conflicts and re-negotiations of family roles and expectations​

48
Q

What is socialization, and how is it related to the family?

A

Socialization is the process by which children learn to control impulses, interact with others, and adopt the values, beliefs, and aspirations of their culture, primarily through their family​

49
Q

Discuss the concept of ‘disequilibrium’ in family systems.

A

Disequilibrium refers to a situation where there is significant change in a family member or relationship, leading to a potentially unstable and transitional phase within the family system​

50
Q

How have changes in Canadian society affected the structure and dynamics of the family?

A

Canadian society has seen more divorce, remarriage, single-parent, dual-earner, and diverse family structures, affecting the experiences and development of adolescents in various ways​

51
Q

What is the role of attachment in adolescent-parent relationships?

A

Attachment is the emotional bond between parents and children. Secure attachment in infancy often leads to better psychological outcomes, and this bond continues to play a role during adolescence

52
Q

How does the presence or absence of siblings affect adolescent development?

A

Only children are generally well-adjusted and competent, potentially benefiting from undivided parental attention, while adolescents with siblings have opportunities for social learning and interaction​

53
Q

What factors contribute to the success of adolescents in stepfamilies?

A

Success in stepfamilies for adolescents depends on authoritative parenting, consistent discipline, and positive relationships with both biological and stepparents​

54
Q

What is gene-environment interaction, and how does it relate to adolescent development?

A

Gene-environment interaction refers to situations where genetic predispositions are expressed differently depending on the environment, illustrating the complex interplay between genes and environmental factors in development​

adolescence and emerging adulthood (11 decks)

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