ch.6 Flashcards
progressive education
An approach that saw equality and democratic citizenship as central goals of the educational system.
Comprehensive high school
A high school that tries to educate the whole pool of adolescents by placing them in different tracks according to their presumed abilities and future economic roles.
junior high school
Typically, a school that includes Grades 7, 8, and 9, intended to meet the special needs of young adolescents and be a bridge between elementary and high schools.
Middle school
Middle school
A school that typically includes Grades 6, 7, and 8, and that has become more common than junior high school in recent years
Performance orientation
A focus on competitive success and a tendency to interpret outcomes as a sign of ability or lack of ability. Also called ability-goal orientation
When someone has a performance orientation, they care a lot about proving their skills and being seen as successful by others. They tend to measure their worth by how well they do in tasks, especially in comparison to others.
Mastery orientation
A focus on learning and mastering tasks and on personal improvement. Also called task-goal orientation
refers to a mindset where individuals focus on learning, personal growth, and mastering a task rather than on outward signs of success or comparison with others. This approach is seen as a healthy and effective way to motivate oneself, emphasizing self-improvement and a deep understanding of the material or skills being learned.
self handicapping
Placing obstacles in the way of one’s performance to avoid having to attribute a possible failure to low ability.
Self-handicapping is a psychological strategy where people create obstacles and excuses for themselves so that if they do poorly on a task, they can avoid blaming their failure on their lack of ability. Essentially, it’s a way of protecting one’s self-esteem by providing an external explanation for why one might not perform well.
tracking
The practice, now less common, of assigning students to a particular curriculum or set of courses on the basis of their presumed abilities
school membership
The sense that students have of being connected and committed to their school and its positive functioning.
attribution theory
An approach to achievement that focuses on the causes people see as responsible for their successes and failures.
locus of causality
A belief that the cause of an outcome is something about the person (internal) or about the situation (external).
causal stability
A belief that the cause of an outcome is relatively stable or variable.
Stability vs. Instability:
Stable Causes: These are seen as consistent and unchanging. For example, if someone attributes their success in academics to their intelligence, they are viewing intelligence as a stable cause. They might think, “I did well because I am smart,” and expect to continue performing well in the future.
Unstable Causes: These are temporary and can change over time. For example, attributing success on a test to the amount of effort put into studying for that particular test suggests an unstable cause. The thought might be, “I did well on this test because I studied hard this time.”
controllability
the belief that the cause of the outcome is under your control
home schooling
A situation in which parents educate their children at home, generally with some oversight from local or provincial education authorities.
gifted vs disabled students
Those students who are considered to have unusually strong talents or abilities that make more challenging educational efforts advisable.
vs
Those students who have physical, cognitive, or developmental problems that interfere with their progress in school.
