chapter 1

Question 1

Ecological systems

Answer 1

The interacting structures both within the adolescent, such as physical, cognitive, and emotional functions, and in the adolescent’s surroundings, such as family, peers, school, and the community.

Question 2

Stage–environment fit

Answer 2

The ways developmental changes in an adolescent interrelate with changes in the adolescent’s social environment, such as parental rules and demands.

Question 3

Cultural diversity

Answer 3

The variety of customs, beliefs, expectations, and behaviours that are typical of adolescents from different cultural and ethnocultural backgrounds.

Question 4

Globalization

Answer 4

The tendency for economic, social, and political events and trends in one part of the world to have an impact on lives in other, distant parts of the world.

Question 5

Applications

Answer 5

Ways of taking knowledge about adolescents that is derived from research and putting it to practical use.

Question 6

Educated consumers

Answer 6

Those whose understanding of the field of adolescence and of the ways knowledge is gathered allows them to judge the strengths and weaknesses of new findings.

Question 7

Positive development

Answer 7

The study of factors that encourage adolescents to develop in a positive direction.

Question 8

Active learning

Answer 8

Interactions with new information, for example by rephrasing material or trying to explain it to someone else.

Question 9

Deep processing

Answer 9

The association of new information with material that is already in memory, especially material that has personal relevance.

Deep processing refers to a method of learning where you focus on the meaning of the information you’re studying, rather than just the superficial details. It’s about engaging with the content on a more complex level.

Question 10

Normative transitions

Answer 10

Changes that most adolescents go through at roughly the same point in their development, such as puberty and entering high school.

Question 11

Idiosyncratic transitions

Answer 11

Changes that take place at unpredictable points during adolescence, such as a parental divorce or a serious illness.

Question 12

3 phases of adolescence

Answer 12

Early Adolescence (11-14), Middle Adolescence (15-18), Late Adolescence (19-22).
early adolescence roughly coincides with the middle school or junior high school years

Question 13

Developmental tasks

Answer 13

The skills, attitudes, and social functions that a culture expects members to acquire at a particular point in their lives.

Question 14

Inventionism

Answer 14

The view that the concept of adolescence was promoted in the early 20th century as a way of setting off young people from the adult world.

Question 15

Life-cycle service

Answer 15

The custom in preindustrial Europe that sent young people to live and work away from their families during adolescence.

Question 16

Storm and stress

Answer 16

The belief that adolescence is necessarily a very tumultuous period.

Question 17

Age stratification

Answer 17

The process of defining groups, such as adolescents, on the basis of their age and treating them differently.

Question 18

Peers

Answer 18

Those who are of about the same age or level of development.

Question 19

Consumerism

Answer 19

A concern with having or getting the clothes, toys, and other things that are currently fashionable.

Question 20

Population pyramid

Answer 20

A way of showing in graphic form the proportions of people in a society who fall into different age categories.

Question 21

Urbanization

Answer 21

The trend for young people, especially those in developing countries, to leave the countryside and move to cities.

Question 22

Evolutionary psychology

Answer 22

An approach that tries to understand how current characteristics and behaviours may have been influenced by evolutionary forces.

Question 23

Reproductive fitness

Answer 23

The Darwinian principle that genetic characteristics that make the survival of one’s offspring more likely will gradually become more common in the population.

Question 24

Libido

Answer 24

In Freud’s theory, the life force that is responsible for such drives as hunger, thirst, and sex

Question 25

Psychosexual stages

Answer 25

According to Freud, changes in the source and target of the sex drive during childhood and adolescence that create the oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital stages

Question 26

Psychosocial stages

Answer 26

For Erikson, distinctive ways that developmental changes in the child, adolescent, or adult interact with the social environment to make particular issues more salient.

Question 27

Cognitive stages

Answer 27

For Piaget, different ways of thinking about and building an understanding of the world.

Question 28

Formal operations

Answer 28

The stage at which adolescents gain new resources for logical and abstract thought.

Question 29

Information processing

Answer 29

The ways information enters the person’s cognitive system, gets processed, and is stored for future use.

Question 30

Metacognition

Answer 30

The ability to be aware of one’s own thinking processes and to develop more effective ways of using them.

Question 31

Operant conditioning

Answer 31

A basic form of learning in which the likelihood of a behaviour being repeated is affected by its consequences.

Question 32

Social cognitive theory

Answer 32

An approach that sees observing what others do and what happens to them as important ways of learning.

Question 33

Ecological theory

Answer 33

Bronfenbrenner’s view of development, which focuses on the ways an adolescent’s social settings interact to influence development.

Question 34

Developmental systems theory

Answer 34

Lerner’s approach to development, which emphasizes the ways the adolescent plays an active role in dealing with social systems.

Question 35

What are normative and idiosyncratic transitions in adolescence?”

Answer 35

Normative transitions are developmental changes most adolescents experience, like puberty or starting high school. Idiosyncratic transitions are unpredictable, individual changes like serious illness or parental divorce

Question 36

What are the developmental tasks during early, middle, and late adolescence?”

Answer 36

“In early adolescence, adapting to physical and social changes is key. Middle adolescence focuses on psychological independence and forming close relationships. Late adolescence involves preparing for adult roles like career and family life

Question 37

How has the concept of adolescence evolved over time?”

Answer 37

“Adolescence has been recognized as a distinct life stage throughout history, with varying approaches to managing this transition in different cultures and eras​

Question 38

“What is the ecological systems approach to adolescence

Answer 38

This approach examines how changes in an adolescent’s biology, cognition, and self-perception interact with their environment, affecting areas like diet, exercise, and overall development

Question 39

“What does the ‘stage-environment fit’ concept describe?”

Answer 39

“It describes how adolescents’ changing relationships with their environment can sometimes result in a mismatch, influencing their behavior and development

Question 40

What impacts do cultural diversity and globalization have on adolescence?”

Answer 40

“Cultural diversity and globalization bring varied customs and beliefs, impacting adolescents’ lives and creating a need for skills to navigate an interconnected world

Question 41

How can knowledge about adolescence be applied in practical contexts?

Answer 41

“Research-derived knowledge can be used to address adolescent issues and promote positive development in various professional settings

Question 42

“What are the psychosexual stages of adolescence according to Freud?”

Answer 42

Freud’s genital stage starts with puberty, where childhood fantasies re-emerge, leading to a period of turmoil that ends with emotional independence from parents

Question 43

What did Erikson add to the psychoanalytic theory of adolescence?”

Answer 43

Erikson introduced psychosocial stages that accompany Freud’s psychosexual stages, highlighting social and cultural influences on development​

Question 44

“What are the basic survival skills and newer requirements adolescents need today?”

Answer 44

Adolescents need caring adult relationships, social support systems, social competence, and a belief in a promising future. Additionally, they need technical and analytic skills, motivation for lifelong learning, and values for living in a diverse society​

Question 45

How do general theories of adolescent development help us understand adolescence?”

Answer 45

These theories provide a framework for connecting new information to existing knowledge, helping to predict adolescent behavior and understand development​

Question 46

What are the different ways to think about phases and transitions in adolescence?”

Answer 46

“Phases can be viewed through chronological age, physical and sexual development, familial and psychosocial milestones, and educational progress. Transitions involve changes that are either normative (common to most adolescents) or idiosyncratic (unique to the individua

Question 47

What are the differences and expectations for early, middle, and late adolescents?”

Answer 47

“Early adolescents adapt to physical changes and new social roles. Middle adolescents work on psychological independence and close friendships. Late adolescents prepare for adult roles such as marriage, career, and developing mature values​

Question 48

What life changes typically happen during adolescence?”

Answer 48

“Adolescents experience rapid physical growth, onset of puberty, cognitive and emotional development, shifting social relationships, and the beginning of a quest for identity

Question 49

“Describe a normal transition during each phase of adolescence.”

Answer 49

A normal transition in early adolescence might be starting middle school, in middle adolescence could be attending high school and deepening peer relationships, and in late adolescence might be entering college or the workforce​

Question 50

What is the significance of the population pyramid and bell curve in adolescence?”

Answer 50

The population pyramid shows the distribution of different age groups in a population, which can influence societal structure and resource allocation. The bell curve represents the variability of a characteristic within a population and can indicate the distribution of developmental milestones among adolescents

Question 51

Why is the ratio of teens in a society important?”

Answer 51

The ratio of teens can affect a society’s political decisions, cultural norms, and financial priorities, impacting education, employment, and health services tailored to this demographic

Question 52

What are the political, cultural, and financial implications of adolescent population changes?”

Answer 52

“Changes can lead to shifts in educational funding, job market structures, healthcare services, and may influence cultural trends and political policies focused on youth development and opportunities

Question 53

“Summarize the main theories of adolescence.”

Answer 53

“Theories range from biological perspectives on physical development, psychoanalytic views on psychosocial crises, cognitive approaches on mental growth, to ecological models on the interaction between adolescents and their environments​

Question 54

socio-ecological family systems framework, i

Answer 54

The socio-ecological family systems framework, based on Urie Bronfenbrenner’s ecological systems theory, examines how an individual’s behavior and development are influenced by different environmental layers. It includes the microsystem (direct interactions like family and school), mesosystem (interactions between microsystems), exosystem (wider social settings that indirectly affect the individual), and macrosystem (cultural values and societal norms). An optional chronosystem adds the dimension of time, considering the impact of life changes. This framework helps identify how various environmental factors interact to influence behavior and development, providing a holistic approach to understanding and addressing individual and family issues within broader social and cultural contexts.