chapter 1 Flashcards
Ecological systems
The interacting structures both within the adolescent, such as physical, cognitive, and emotional functions, and in the adolescent’s surroundings, such as family, peers, school, and the community.
Stage–environment fit
The ways developmental changes in an adolescent interrelate with changes in the adolescent’s social environment, such as parental rules and demands.
Cultural diversity
The variety of customs, beliefs, expectations, and behaviours that are typical of adolescents from different cultural and ethnocultural backgrounds.
Globalization
The tendency for economic, social, and political events and trends in one part of the world to have an impact on lives in other, distant parts of the world.
Applications
Ways of taking knowledge about adolescents that is derived from research and putting it to practical use.
Educated consumers
Those whose understanding of the field of adolescence and of the ways knowledge is gathered allows them to judge the strengths and weaknesses of new findings.
Positive development
The study of factors that encourage adolescents to develop in a positive direction.
Active learning
Interactions with new information, for example by rephrasing material or trying to explain it to someone else.
Deep processing
The association of new information with material that is already in memory, especially material that has personal relevance.
Deep processing refers to a method of learning where you focus on the meaning of the information you’re studying, rather than just the superficial details. It’s about engaging with the content on a more complex level.
Normative transitions
Changes that most adolescents go through at roughly the same point in their development, such as puberty and entering high school.
Idiosyncratic transitions
Changes that take place at unpredictable points during adolescence, such as a parental divorce or a serious illness.
3 phases of adolescence
Early Adolescence (11-14), Middle Adolescence (15-18), Late Adolescence (19-22).
early adolescence roughly coincides with the middle school or junior high school years
Developmental tasks
The skills, attitudes, and social functions that a culture expects members to acquire at a particular point in their lives.
Inventionism
The view that the concept of adolescence was promoted in the early 20th century as a way of setting off young people from the adult world.
Life-cycle service
The custom in preindustrial Europe that sent young people to live and work away from their families during adolescence.
Storm and stress
The belief that adolescence is necessarily a very tumultuous period.
Age stratification
The process of defining groups, such as adolescents, on the basis of their age and treating them differently.
Peers
Those who are of about the same age or level of development.
Consumerism
A concern with having or getting the clothes, toys, and other things that are currently fashionable.
Population pyramid
A way of showing in graphic form the proportions of people in a society who fall into different age categories.
Urbanization
The trend for young people, especially those in developing countries, to leave the countryside and move to cities.
Evolutionary psychology
An approach that tries to understand how current characteristics and behaviours may have been influenced by evolutionary forces.
Reproductive fitness
The Darwinian principle that genetic characteristics that make the survival of one’s offspring more likely will gradually become more common in the population.
Libido
In Freud’s theory, the life force that is responsible for such drives as hunger, thirst, and sex
Psychosexual stages
According to Freud, changes in the source and target of the sex drive during childhood and adolescence that create the oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital stages
Psychosocial stages
For Erikson, distinctive ways that developmental changes in the child, adolescent, or adult interact with the social environment to make particular issues more salient.
Cognitive stages
For Piaget, different ways of thinking about and building an understanding of the world.
Formal operations
The stage at which adolescents gain new resources for logical and abstract thought.
Information processing
The ways information enters the person’s cognitive system, gets processed, and is stored for future use.
Metacognition
The ability to be aware of one’s own thinking processes and to develop more effective ways of using them.
Operant conditioning
A basic form of learning in which the likelihood of a behaviour being repeated is affected by its consequences.
Social cognitive theory
An approach that sees observing what others do and what happens to them as important ways of learning.
Ecological theory
Bronfenbrenner’s view of development, which focuses on the ways an adolescent’s social settings interact to influence development.
Developmental systems theory
Lerner’s approach to development, which emphasizes the ways the adolescent plays an active role in dealing with social systems.
What are normative and idiosyncratic transitions in adolescence?”
Normative transitions are developmental changes most adolescents experience, like puberty or starting high school. Idiosyncratic transitions are unpredictable, individual changes like serious illness or parental divorce
What are the developmental tasks during early, middle, and late adolescence?”
“In early adolescence, adapting to physical and social changes is key. Middle adolescence focuses on psychological independence and forming close relationships. Late adolescence involves preparing for adult roles like career and family life
How has the concept of adolescence evolved over time?”
“Adolescence has been recognized as a distinct life stage throughout history, with varying approaches to managing this transition in different cultures and eras
“What is the ecological systems approach to adolescence
This approach examines how changes in an adolescent’s biology, cognition, and self-perception interact with their environment, affecting areas like diet, exercise, and overall development
“What does the ‘stage-environment fit’ concept describe?”
“It describes how adolescents’ changing relationships with their environment can sometimes result in a mismatch, influencing their behavior and development
What impacts do cultural diversity and globalization have on adolescence?”
“Cultural diversity and globalization bring varied customs and beliefs, impacting adolescents’ lives and creating a need for skills to navigate an interconnected world
How can knowledge about adolescence be applied in practical contexts?
“Research-derived knowledge can be used to address adolescent issues and promote positive development in various professional settings
“What are the psychosexual stages of adolescence according to Freud?”
Freud’s genital stage starts with puberty, where childhood fantasies re-emerge, leading to a period of turmoil that ends with emotional independence from parents
What did Erikson add to the psychoanalytic theory of adolescence?”
Erikson introduced psychosocial stages that accompany Freud’s psychosexual stages, highlighting social and cultural influences on development
“What are the basic survival skills and newer requirements adolescents need today?”
Adolescents need caring adult relationships, social support systems, social competence, and a belief in a promising future. Additionally, they need technical and analytic skills, motivation for lifelong learning, and values for living in a diverse society
How do general theories of adolescent development help us understand adolescence?”
These theories provide a framework for connecting new information to existing knowledge, helping to predict adolescent behavior and understand development
What are the different ways to think about phases and transitions in adolescence?”
“Phases can be viewed through chronological age, physical and sexual development, familial and psychosocial milestones, and educational progress. Transitions involve changes that are either normative (common to most adolescents) or idiosyncratic (unique to the individua
What are the differences and expectations for early, middle, and late adolescents?”
“Early adolescents adapt to physical changes and new social roles. Middle adolescents work on psychological independence and close friendships. Late adolescents prepare for adult roles such as marriage, career, and developing mature values
What life changes typically happen during adolescence?”
“Adolescents experience rapid physical growth, onset of puberty, cognitive and emotional development, shifting social relationships, and the beginning of a quest for identity
“Describe a normal transition during each phase of adolescence.”
A normal transition in early adolescence might be starting middle school, in middle adolescence could be attending high school and deepening peer relationships, and in late adolescence might be entering college or the workforce
What is the significance of the population pyramid and bell curve in adolescence?”
The population pyramid shows the distribution of different age groups in a population, which can influence societal structure and resource allocation. The bell curve represents the variability of a characteristic within a population and can indicate the distribution of developmental milestones among adolescents
Why is the ratio of teens in a society important?”
The ratio of teens can affect a society’s political decisions, cultural norms, and financial priorities, impacting education, employment, and health services tailored to this demographic
What are the political, cultural, and financial implications of adolescent population changes?”
“Changes can lead to shifts in educational funding, job market structures, healthcare services, and may influence cultural trends and political policies focused on youth development and opportunities
“Summarize the main theories of adolescence.”
“Theories range from biological perspectives on physical development, psychoanalytic views on psychosocial crises, cognitive approaches on mental growth, to ecological models on the interaction between adolescents and their environments
socio-ecological family systems framework, i
The socio-ecological family systems framework, based on Urie Bronfenbrenner’s ecological systems theory, examines how an individual’s behavior and development are influenced by different environmental layers. It includes the microsystem (direct interactions like family and school), mesosystem (interactions between microsystems), exosystem (wider social settings that indirectly affect the individual), and macrosystem (cultural values and societal norms). An optional chronosystem adds the dimension of time, considering the impact of life changes. This framework helps identify how various environmental factors interact to influence behavior and development, providing a holistic approach to understanding and addressing individual and family issues within broader social and cultural contexts.
