ch 11 Flashcards
Externalizing problem
Turning one’s difficulties toward the external world, for example in the form of aggressive or antisocial behaviour.
Status offence
An action, such as truancy or buying cigarettes, that is against the law for those who are considered minors but not for adults.
Internalizing problem
Turning one’s difficulties inward, toward the self, for example in the form of depression or an eating disorder.
ex.An individual with an eating disorder might use food and eating behaviors as a way to cope with emotional distress, exert control, or express feelings of inadequacy.
Comorbidity
Different problems that tend to occur at the same time in the same person.
Delinquency
The legal term for actions by juveniles that violate the law.
Index crimes
Serious violations of the law, so called because they are included on official indexes of criminal activity.
Life-course-persistent offenders
Adolescents whose antisocial behaviour first appears in childhood and tends to continue into adulthood.
This term describes individuals who start showing antisocial or aggressive behaviors very early in life, often as young children, and continue to show these behaviors into their adult years. These aren’t just temporary problems or typical rebellious phases that many teenagers go through; rather, these behaviors are serious and long-lasting.
Adolescence-limited offenders
Adolescents who become involved in antisocial activities during adolescence and typically do not continue them into adulthood.
Imagine a teenager who, in high school, starts hanging out with friends who skip school, spray paint graffiti, and occasionally shoplift. He participates because he wants to be accepted by his peers and feel like part of the group. However, once he graduates from high school, he starts a job, goes to college, or enters another new phase of life where he feels that such behaviors are no longer appropriate or beneficial. As he adopts adult responsibilities and goals, his values and behaviors shift away from antisocial activities.
Hostile attributional bias
A tendency to interpret ambiguous cues and situations as reflecting hostile intent and to respond aggressively to them. term that refers to the tendency of individuals to interpret ambiguous social situations or cues as being hostile, even when no clear threat exists.
ex. A student with a hostile attributional bias might interpret a classmate’s laughter in the vicinity as mocking them specifically, leading to a confrontational or defensive reaction.
Instrumental substance use
Taking a drug as a means to reach some socially acceptable goal, such as relieving pain or falling asleep.
A person takes prescribed opioids to manage severe pain following surgery.
Cognitive Enhancement: A student consumes caffeine or even prescription stimulants like Adderall to increase alertness and improve concentration during exam preparation.
Self-Medication: An individual uses alcohol moderately before bedtime as a means to relax and help induce sleep, or someone might take antihistamines to relieve anxiety, even though they are primarily meant for allergy relief.
Recreational substance use
Taking a drug to experience the effects of the drug.
Drug dependence
Developing a strong craving for a particular drug and, in many cases, needing growing amounts of it to achieve the same effect.
Drug withdrawal
A set of unpleasant physical or mental symptoms that are experienced when someone with a drug dependence stops taking the drug.
THC
Tetrahydrocannabinol, the chief psychoactive ingredient in marijuana and hashish.
Gateway hypothesis
The idea that the use of relatively mild illicit drugs, such as marijuana, makes it more likely that a person will go on to use more dangerous hard drugs.
Anorexia nervosa
A serious, sometimes fatal, disorder in which a distorted view of one’s weight and body shape and an intense fear of getting fat lead to starving oneself.
Bulimia
An eating disorder in which the person alternates between binge overeating and purging.
Diathesis-stress model
The theory that depression results from a combination of a predisposing vulnerability (diathesis) and the impact of negative events (stress).
Hopelessness
A result of seeing negative events as uncontrollable and lasting that may lead to depression.
Rumination
A process of dwelling on negative events, recalling other negative events from the past, and amplifying the long-term significance of negative factors.
Cognitive-behavioural therapy
An approach to treatment that focuses on changing the self-defeating ways an adolescent interprets and responds to life events.
What are externalizing behaviors in adolescents?
Externalizing behaviors are actions that are directed outward toward the external environment, typically involving disruptive, aggressive, or antisocial activities.
What disorders commonly co-occur with externalizing behaviors?
Externalizing behaviors often co-occur with disorders such as Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD), and Conduct Disorder (CD).
What are some risk and protective factors for delinquency in adolescents?
Risk factors include poor family functioning, negative peer influences, and low community support. Protective factors include strong school attachment, positive peer relationships, and supportive family environments.
How does the justice system impact Indigenous youth differently?
Indigenous youth often face systemic biases and higher rates of incarceration, reflecting broader social and economic disparities.
What are status offenses and how do they impact adolescents?
Status offenses are activities that are considered violations of the law only because of the age of the perpetrator, such as truancy and underage drinking. These can lead to legal consequences and further negative behaviors if not addressed.
What defines externalizing problems in adolescents?
Externalizing problems are characterized by behaviors that are directed outward toward the external environment, including aggression, delinquency, and antisocial behavior.
What defines internalizing problems in adolescents?
: Internalizing problems involve behaviors that are directed inward, such as depression, anxiety, and eating disorders.
What does comorbidity mean in the context of adolescent behavioral problems?
Comorbidity refers to the occurrence of two or more disorders or problems at the same time, such as an adolescent experiencing both conduct problems and depression.
What are common risk factors associated with delinquency in adolescents?
Common risk factors include family disruption, exposure to violence, negative peer influences, and lack of community support.
What are effective protective factors against delinquency in adolescents?
Protective factors include positive school attachment, strong familial relationships, participation in community activities, and having a supportive peer network.
What is the difference between life-course-persistent offenders and adolescence-limited offenders?
Life-course-persistent offenders begin showing antisocial behaviors early in childhood and continue into adulthood, while adolescence-limited offenders start and typically end their antisocial behaviors during adolescence.
