ch 11 Flashcards
Externalizing problem
Turning one’s difficulties toward the external world, for example in the form of aggressive or antisocial behaviour.
Status offence
An action, such as truancy or buying cigarettes, that is against the law for those who are considered minors but not for adults.
Internalizing problem
Turning one’s difficulties inward, toward the self, for example in the form of depression or an eating disorder.
ex.An individual with an eating disorder might use food and eating behaviors as a way to cope with emotional distress, exert control, or express feelings of inadequacy.
Comorbidity
Different problems that tend to occur at the same time in the same person.
Delinquency
The legal term for actions by juveniles that violate the law.
Index crimes
Serious violations of the law, so called because they are included on official indexes of criminal activity.
Life-course-persistent offenders
Adolescents whose antisocial behaviour first appears in childhood and tends to continue into adulthood.
This term describes individuals who start showing antisocial or aggressive behaviors very early in life, often as young children, and continue to show these behaviors into their adult years. These aren’t just temporary problems or typical rebellious phases that many teenagers go through; rather, these behaviors are serious and long-lasting.
Adolescence-limited offenders
Adolescents who become involved in antisocial activities during adolescence and typically do not continue them into adulthood.
Imagine a teenager who, in high school, starts hanging out with friends who skip school, spray paint graffiti, and occasionally shoplift. He participates because he wants to be accepted by his peers and feel like part of the group. However, once he graduates from high school, he starts a job, goes to college, or enters another new phase of life where he feels that such behaviors are no longer appropriate or beneficial. As he adopts adult responsibilities and goals, his values and behaviors shift away from antisocial activities.
Hostile attributional bias
A tendency to interpret ambiguous cues and situations as reflecting hostile intent and to respond aggressively to them. term that refers to the tendency of individuals to interpret ambiguous social situations or cues as being hostile, even when no clear threat exists.
ex. A student with a hostile attributional bias might interpret a classmate’s laughter in the vicinity as mocking them specifically, leading to a confrontational or defensive reaction.
Instrumental substance use
Taking a drug as a means to reach some socially acceptable goal, such as relieving pain or falling asleep.
A person takes prescribed opioids to manage severe pain following surgery.
Cognitive Enhancement: A student consumes caffeine or even prescription stimulants like Adderall to increase alertness and improve concentration during exam preparation.
Self-Medication: An individual uses alcohol moderately before bedtime as a means to relax and help induce sleep, or someone might take antihistamines to relieve anxiety, even though they are primarily meant for allergy relief.
Recreational substance use
Taking a drug to experience the effects of the drug.
Drug dependence
Developing a strong craving for a particular drug and, in many cases, needing growing amounts of it to achieve the same effect.
Drug withdrawal
A set of unpleasant physical or mental symptoms that are experienced when someone with a drug dependence stops taking the drug.
THC
Tetrahydrocannabinol, the chief psychoactive ingredient in marijuana and hashish.
Gateway hypothesis
The idea that the use of relatively mild illicit drugs, such as marijuana, makes it more likely that a person will go on to use more dangerous hard drugs.
