ch 10

Question 1

self disclosure:

Answer 1

The process in which individuals communicate to others intimate information about their experiences and feelings.

ex.Partners may disclose their family backgrounds, past relationships, or personal dreams and fears to build a deeper understanding of each other.

Question 2

Intimacy

Answer 2

An emotional sense of attachment to someone with whom one shares personal knowledge and a concern for each other’s well-being.

Question 3

Need for intimacy

Answer 3

According to Sullivan, a desire to develop a relationship with a close friend or chum that emerges during the preadolescent years.

Question 4

Need for sexuality

Answer 4

For Sullivan, a need that emerges in response to the biological changes of puberty and the social changes of the adolescent peer group.

Question 5

Intimacy versus isolation

Answer 5

According to Erikson, the most important psychosocial crisis that young adults face.

Question 6

Working models

Answer 6

According to Bowlby, implicit expectations about relationships that form in infancy and affect attitudes toward others.

Question 7

High-quality friendship

Answer 7

A relationship that has many positive features and few negative features.

Question 8

Low-quality friendship

Answer 8

A relationship in which negative features, such as conflict, hostility, and rivalry, outweigh positive features, such as trust, loyalty, and warmth.

Question 9

Rejection sensitivity

Answer 9

A tendency to be on the lookout for and to detect rejection in interpersonal relationships.

Question 10

Restrictive societies

Answer 10

Those societies that control or forbid any sexual expression before adulthood or marriage.

Question 11

Semirestrictive societies

Answer 11

Those societies that prohibit premarital sex, but do not strictly enforce this prohibition.

Question 12

Permissive societies

Answer 12

Those societies that take it for granted that children and adolescents will be active sexually.

the general attitude towards sexuality, including that of teenagers, is quite relaxed. People in these societies tend to accept that it’s normal for young people to be curious about and engage in sexual activities.

Question 13

CASI

Answer 13

Computer-assisted self-interview, a research technique in which people are interviewed via computer, avoiding direct interpersonal contact.

Question 14

Sexual orientation vs Sexual minorities

Answer 14

The sexual attraction a person feels toward those of the same or the other sex.
vs
Those whose sexual orientation is other than exclusively heterosexual.

Question 15

Latency period

Answer 15

For infections, a period of time after a person has contracted the disease, but before any noticeable symptoms appear.

ex.After contracting HIV, individuals enter a latency period where the virus is present in the body but symptoms are not apparent. This period can last for several years. Although asymptomatic, individuals can still transmit the virus to others.

Question 16

What is the main difference between friendships and romantic relationships in adolescence?

Answer 16

Friendships are based on mutual trust, understanding, and shared activities without sexual elements. Romantic relationships incorporate these aspects but also include a level of romantic and sexual attraction, which often leads to more intense emotional intimacy and physical closeness.

Question 17

How do friendships develop during adolescence?

Answer 17

During adolescence, friendships become more intimate through self-disclosure, where adolescents share personal thoughts and feelings, enhancing emotional closeness and trust. Friendships also evolve from shared activities to deeper emotional and psychological support.

Question 18

Describe the typical progression of romantic relationships during adolescence.

Answer 18

Romantic relationships often begin with attraction and infatuation, progress to dating, and can evolve into more serious relationships. Adolescents explore their romantic feelings, learn about mutual support, and experience intimacy. These relationships can be significant for emotional development.

Question 19

What characterizes adolescent sexual relationships?

Answer 19

Adolescent sexual relationships can vary widely but typically involve exploring sexual identity and preferences. They can be influenced by peer norms, cultural expectations, and personal readiness. Sexual relationships during this period are often part of larger explorations of romantic relationships.

Question 20

How do cultural and social norms influence adolescent relationships?

Answer 20

Cultural and social norms can dictate acceptable behaviors within friendships and romantic relationships, influencing how adolescents interact with each other. Norms affect perceptions of gender roles, the appropriateness of sexual activity, and the value placed on different types of relationships.

Question 21

What are common adolescent views on intimacy within relationships?

Answer 21

Adolescents often view intimacy as a combination of emotional closeness, mutual trust, and self-disclosure. They value relationships where they can share personal thoughts and feelings and receive emotional support and understanding in return.

Question 22

What are the stages of friendship development according to Harry Stack Sullivan?

Answer 22

Sullivan outlines stages where interpersonal needs change:
Infancy: Need for tenderness from parents.
Early Childhood: Need for companionship met by parents.
Middle Childhood: Companionship needs shift to peers, emphasizing acceptance.
Preadolescence: Emergence of the need for intimacy, typically with same-sex friends.
Adolescence: Introduction of sexual needs into relationships.

Question 23

How does Erik Erikson describe the development of intimacy in adolescence?

Answer 23

Erikson posits that the development of intimacy follows achieving a clear sense of identity. Adolescents who succeed in resolving the identity vs. role confusion crisis are better prepared to develop intimate relationships, which is the central psychosocial issue of young adulthood.

Question 24

How does early attachment impact adolescent friendships?

Answer 24

Early attachment styles, as proposed by John Bowlby, predict the nature of later friendships. Securely attached children tend to form more positive and stable friendships, while those with insecure attachments might struggle with intimacy and trust in friendships.

Question 25

How do adolescent romantic relationships differ across cultures?

Answer 25

Cultural norms greatly influence the nature of adolescent romantic relationships. In permissive societies, such relationships may begin earlier and involve more open sexual exploration. In contrast, restrictive cultures might limit such relationships to serious courtship with the intent of marriage.

Question 26

How do cultural norms affect adolescent sexual relationships?

Answer 26

Cultural norms dictate acceptable behaviors and the progression of sexual relationships among adolescents. In some cultures, premarital sexual activity is forbidden or heavily stigmatized, whereas others may have more permissive attitudes towards adolescent sexuality.

Question 27

How does an adolescent’s self-concept influence their romantic relationships?

Answer 27

Adolescents with a positive self-concept are more likely to engage in healthy, intimate romantic relationships. A clear and positive self-identity helps them communicate their needs and desires effectively and contributes to healthier and more reciprocal relationships.