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Intro To PT > chapter 5 > Flashcards

chapter 5 Flashcards

1
Q

diagnosis

A

cluster of signs and symptoms associated with a disorder of body structure/function

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2
Q

Examination

A

the process of obtaining a history, performing systems review, and administering specific tests and measures.

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3
Q

Evaluation

A

dynamic process in which PT makes clinical judgements based on data gathered during examination.

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4
Q

WHo does the examination and evaluation?

A

performed by PT.
-specific data collection can be performed at the request of a PT by a PTA.

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5
Q

initial information of examination is collected prior to meeting client for the first time. info such as…

A

-medical diagnosis
-patients chief complaint
-patients present illness
-onset of patients primary problem
-patients past history
-personal info
-patients lifestyle

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6
Q

Pain description

A

-part of patients history, should be taken prior to and after treatment.
-includes location, extension or radiation, intensity, duration, frequency, and progression

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7
Q

two major pain measurements used in PT

A

1) Visual Analog Scale
2) Numerical Rating system

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8
Q

Visual Analog scale

A

-consists of a 10cm unmarked line, either vertical or horizontal
-has verbal or pictorial anchors indication continuum from no pain at one end to serve pain at the other end.
-patient is asked to mark pain

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9
Q

How is the mark measured?

A

-with a ruler and expressed in cm
-10cm=severe pain

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10
Q

Numerical Rating system

A

-easier to use than VAS & most common
-“if 0 is no pain and 10 is the worst pain imaginable, how would you rate your pain.”

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11
Q

Sensory examination

A

tests for superficial, deep, and combined sensations

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12
Q

Superficial

A

-first to be done
-consists of temperature, light touch, pressure.
-if impairments found then you move on

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13
Q

deep

A

consist of kinesthesia, proprioception, and vibration

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14
Q

combined

A

-tactile localization
-two-point discrimination
-stereognosis
-Barognosis
-graphesthesia

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15
Q

cranial nerve integrity

A

examination of function of the 12 pairs of cranial nerves that are distributed in the head and neck (expect for cranial nerve 10, vagus nerve).

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16
Q

cranial nerve integrity is recommended to what kind of patients?

A

-patients who may have lesions of the brain, brainstem, and cervical spine.

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17
Q

anthropometrics

A

-measurements that give information about the length, girth, and volume of a patients body.
-height, weight, and body mass index assed

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18
Q

why is info from anthropometrics important?

A

-to identify the equality of a patients legs
-or the amount of edema a patient may have in a limb.

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19
Q

Mentation, hearing, and visual examination

A

-evaluates the patients ability to concentrate and respond
-examines patients attention, orientation, and cognition.

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20
Q

attention

A

patients awareness of the environment or ability to focus on specific stimulus without distraction

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21
Q

orientation

A

patients awareness of time, person, and place

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22
Q

cognition

A

examines memory awareness, reasoning, language use, learning, etc.

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23
Q

Range of motion

A

-evaluates the amount of excursion through which a joint or a series of joints can move.

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24
Q

Goniometer

A

used to measure ROM in degrees

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25
Q

Manual muscle testing

A

-evaluates the strength of specific muscles
-identifies patterns of muscle weakness

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26
Q

Rating categories for MMR

A

normal(5)
good(4)
fair (3)
poor(2)
trace activity(1)
absent activity (0)

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27
Q

Muscle tone

A

-Amount of tension in muscles in relaxed state
-allows bodies be upright when standing and sitting

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28
Q

Different types of muscle tones

A

-spasticity
-rigidity
-flaccidity

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29
Q

tonal abnormalities

A

-hypertonia
-hypotonia
-dystonia

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30
Q

Flaccidity

A

-lack of tension when muscle is at rest
-not allowed to create tension for muscle to move

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31
Q

spasticity

A

Abnormal muscle tightness due to prolonged muscle contraction

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32
Q

Balance and control

A

evaluates the patients ability to control positions of the body and body parts using skeletal muscles with respect to gravity
-PATIENT MAY LEAN TOWARDS AFFECTED SIDE

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33
Q

balance examinations

A

-Berg Balance test
-timed up and go
-tinetti performance oriented mobility assessment

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34
Q

function examination

A

determines the effect of the condition or injury on the patients daily life.

35
Q

Gait examination

A

-accessed from front, behind, and from side.
-observing from the pelvis and lumbar spine down to foot and ankle, also movements in upper limbs and trunk.

36
Q

gait cycle

A

-the moment the patients one lower extremity touches the ground to the moment the same lower extremity contacts the ground again.

37
Q

What is also important to remember during gait examination?

A

patients footwear and feet, to observe any wearing down of heels and socks and formation of blisters, corns, etc.

38
Q

Outcomes measures

A

-measures look at the patients functional abilities and identify if the physical therapy intervention is moving toward predicted outcome.

39
Q

Orthopedic examination

A

-Utilize special tests that examine the integrity of muscoskeletal components.

40
Q

Joint play movement

A

-used by orthopedic
-examines the amount of passive motion available within a joint and help to differentiate what structure may be injured.

41
Q

A positive NEER test indicates…

A

impingement of shoulder structures.

42
Q

During neurological examination the PTA has to consider both the therapeutic interventions and?

A

psychosocial aspects of rehabilitation

43
Q

What are the most common cardiac diagnosis referred for direct physical therapy?

A

-coronary artery disease
-congestive heart failure

44
Q

What are the most chronic lung diseases for which pulmonary rehabilitation is needed?

A

–chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases
-asthma

45
Q

Types of pain seen in cardiac examination

A

-chest pain
-angina (repetitive chest pain)
-myocardial infarction pain (heavy chest squeezing)
-edema
-dyspnea (shortness of breath)

46
Q

Physical examination of cardiac patients

A

-assessing patients pulses (femoral, popliteal, pedal, radial)
-listening to heart sounds
-bp
-counting respiration

47
Q

Cardiovascular signs and symptoms

A

-Diaphoresis (excess sweating with decreased cardiac output)
-cyanotic skin (blue skin)
-bilateral edema= coronary heart disease
-unilateral edema= thrombophlebitis

48
Q

Elements of pulmonary examination

A

-interviewing patient about chiefs complainants
-patients history of occupation
-patients habits (smoking)

49
Q

physical pulmonary examination

A

-similar to cardiac with addition of inspection and palpation of neck and thorax.
-listening to abnormal respiration and expiration
-evaluation of xrays

50
Q

Pediatric examinations

A

-PT and PTAs need specific knowledge about theories of child development, motor control, motor learning, etc.

51
Q

Pediatric examination consists of…

A

-patients history in regard to childs mothers pregnancy’s
-birth history
-childs medical history

52
Q

Screen testings

A

-DONE BY PHYSICANS AND NURSE PRACTITIONERS

53
Q

EX of screen testings

A

-APGAR screening (for newborns 1-5 minutes after birth
-Denver Developmental Screening Test
-Bayley Scales of Infant Development

54
Q

EX of neonatal reflexes

A

-flexor withdrawal reflex
-crossed extension reflex
-sucking reflex
-plantar grasp reflex
-STNR (6-8MO.)

55
Q

Elements of examination of children and adolescents

A

-examined for ongoing health needs, mobility needs (walkers), functional changes

56
Q

standardized tests used to examine children and adolescents

A

-Peabody Developmental Motor Scales
-Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of motor proficiency

57
Q

elements of geriatric initial examination and evaluation include

A

Patient and family/caregiver interview
Pain assessment
Physical examinations
Psychosocial
Functional
Environmental

58
Q

Environmental examination

A

-done to the patients home or institution where patients lives.

59
Q

3 zones of burn wounds

A

1) the zone of coagulation, cells are dead
2)zone of stasis, cells are injured and can die without specialized treatment
3)zone of hyperemia, injury is minimal and cells can recover

60
Q

rules of nines for estimating the % of body surface areas

A

-head=9%
-each upper extremity= 9%
-back of trunk=18%
-front of trunk=18%
-each lower extremity=18%
-perineum=1%

61
Q

Therapeutic exercise

A

Interventions that use muscular contraction
bodily movement
and physical activates.

62
Q

frequency

A

how often the exercise is performed
-SEVERAL TIMES A DAY

63
Q

duration

A

represents the time period that exercise is necessary
-EVERYDAy

64
Q

Classification of ROM exercises (3)

A

1)passive ROM exercises
2)active ROM exercise
3) active assistive ROM exercise

65
Q

Passive ROM exercises

A

-joint is moved by PT, PTA, or mechanical device without any muscle contraction by patient.

66
Q

EX of when to use PROM

A

-patient is unable to move joint
-active range of motion is prohibited
-after surgery or injury
-coma

67
Q

Active Range of motion exercises

A

-ROM movement is performed actively by patient.

68
Q

EX of when to use AROM exercieses

A

-increase muscular strength
-promote coordination and motor skills
-increase blood circulation
-preparation for ADLs

69
Q

Active assisted range of motion exercises

A

-used when patient needs help to complete AROM.
-patient is able to assist in desired motion but cannot perform it independently.

70
Q

two types of assistance

A

1)manual- by PT OR PTA
2)mechanical- cane, overhead pulleys

71
Q

3 types of strengthening exercises

A

1)isometric
2)isotonic
3)isokinetic

72
Q

isometric

A

-Tightening of specific muscles or group of muscles.
-recommended when joint is in pain, inflammed, or surgery

73
Q

EX of isometric exercise

A

quadriceps sets

74
Q

Isotonic exercises

A

-concentric or eccentric muscular contractions.
-exercise with constant load but uncontrolled speed of movement

75
Q

concentric muscular contraction causes muscle to —–, eccentric muscular contraction causes muscles to—

A

shorten, lengthen

76
Q

EX of isotonic exercies

A

biceps curl

77
Q

isokinetic exercise

A

-has predetermined velocity of muscle shortening or lengthening, take place at a constant speed.
-done by special machines

78
Q

Flexibility exercises

A

therapeutic maneuver that increase mobility of soft tissues and improves ROM by elongating structures.

79
Q

3 ways to stretch

A

-manual passive stretching
-self-stretching
-ballistic stretching (high speed, high intensity)

80
Q

types of manual therapy

A

MAINLY USED IN ORTHOPEDIC
-massage
-manipulations
-mobilizations

81
Q

Manipulations

A

Short,sharp movements to push joint beyond normal range

82
Q

phases of cardiac reabilitation

A

-Phase I takes place in hospital(family support)
-Phase II takes place in outpatient settings (patient education, exercises)
-Phase III takes place when patient is discharged but continues in community based program

83
Q

What do pulmonary physical therapy interventions concentrate on?

A

-secretion removal techniques

Intro To PT (25 decks)

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