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PSYCH 275 > Chapter 5 > Flashcards

Chapter 5 Flashcards

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1
Q

Drug

A

medicine or other substance that changes the body’s functioning
- sugar is technically a drug

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2
Q

Agonists

A

mimic or enhance the effects of a neurotransmitter

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3
Q

Antagonists

A

block the function of a neurotransmitter
- occupy the receptor so the neurotransmitter can’t bind to that receptor, does not actually do anything

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4
Q

Psychoactive Drugs

A

drugs with psychological effects such as anxiety relief or hallucinations
- addictive drugs create sense of pleasure initially but are always s=psychoactive drugs

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5
Q

Dependence

A

need to keep taking the drug to maintain homeostasis

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6
Q

Homeostasis

A

body baseline; when it is resting
- where we want to be

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7
Q

Physical Dependence

A

need that drug to maintain the physical symptoms; like heart rate

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8
Q

Psychological Dependence

A

avoid psychological symptoms like anxiety, insomnia

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9
Q

Tolerance

A

more of the drug required to produce the same effects
- tolerance and dependence are independent; you can have one without the other
- is classical conditioning

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10
Q

Addiction

A

preoccupation with obtaining a drug, compulsive use, and a tendency to relapse after quitting
- obsession with the drug itself not necessarily with the effects itself

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11
Q

Withdrawal

A

negative reaction when drug use is stopped
- opposite reaction of the drug itself
- negative side effects

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12
Q

Most people overdose because

A

they take their same amount of drug in a new environment but the CS is not present and the body does not produce the symptoms that help reduce the effects of the drug
- your body is not triggered by the CS so the same amount has a bigger effect

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13
Q

Opium

A

papaver somniferum means ‘sleepbringing’
- cultivation and use has been recorded for centuries; 1500 BCE and 1200 BCE
- reintroduced to Europe during the crusades
- tinctures common in victorian England

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14
Q

Opiate

A
  • ## natural narcotic opiod alkaloids found in the opium poppy
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15
Q

Opioid

A

any natural or synthetic compound or the endogenous peptides that exert biological effects at the opioid receptors
- we have naturally produced endogenous peptides in our bodies

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16
Q

Heroin

A

most notoriously abused opiate; synthesized from morphine
- highly soluble lipid molecule; passes right through the blood-brain barrier
- hits immediately but leaves just as quickly
- morphine in disguise

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17
Q

Endogenous Endorphine

A

bodies own neurotransmitters for receptors opioid drugs act on

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18
Q

Endogenous

A

generated within the body

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19
Q

Endorphins

A

endogenous opioids
- make you happy

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20
Q

Depressants

A

drugs that reduce CNS activity

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21
Q

Sedative

A

drugs that calm

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22
Q

Anxiolytic

A

drug that reduces anxiety

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23
Q

Hypnotic

A

calming zened out state

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24
Q

Alcohol

A

most common and widely abused depressant
- ethanol; drug made from ferematenated fruits grains; the fermented sugar is what the alcohol is
- produce euphoria, reduce anxiety, in larger doses creates problems with motor, is sedative, can reduce activity throughout the brain
- only drug that you can die from during withdrawal
- can easily pass through the placenta and cause FAS; alters how the genes are read

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25
Q

Barbiturates

A

drugs that in small amounts act selectively on higher cortical centrism especially those involved in inhibiting behaviour
- low does increases social interactions and more talkative
- high doses; sedative and hypnotics
- extremely dangerous and have a narrow safety margin; size of doses between low and high doses is extremely small
- highly addictive and tolerance develops easily

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26
Q

Delirium Tremens

A

severe reaction to alcohol withdrawal resulting in hallucination, delusions, confusing, and in extreme cases seizures and possible death
- happens when you stop drinking suddenly

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27
Q

Benzodiazepines

A

drugs that act at benzodiazepine receptor on the GABAA complex to produce anxiety reduction, sedation, and muscle relaxation
- have a larger safety margin; can be used as an anesthesia

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28
Q

GABA Receptor Site

A

receptor for GABA (inhibitory), allows chloride to flood into the cell
- barbiturates can open receptor by itself; GABA does not have to be present
- Benzodiazepines can’t open it without GABA being present but when GABA is there, it keeps it open. longer

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29
Q

Stimulants

A

active the CNS to produce e arousal, increased alertness, and elevated mood

30
Q

Cocaine

A

extracted from South American coca plant
- produces euphoria, decreases appetite, increases alertness, and relieves fatigue
- more concentrated form of the coca plant
- used to be used as an anesthetic
- used to be in coco cola
- mild withdrawal but still very addictive

31
Q

Amphetamines

A

group of synthetic drugs that produce euphoria and increase confidence and concentration
- used to treat ADHD
- meth is a bad amphetamines, powerful, makes you feel confident
- many individuals can’t tell the difference between meth and cocaine because the effects are so similar

32
Q

Bath Salts

A

variety of synthetic drugs related to cathinone, a stimulant found in the khat (cathartic edulis) plant
- look like epitome salts
- considered a designer drug; alter the chemical compound to make it have to same function but have ‘legal’ makeup
- cause psychosis, delirium, become violent, and you can overdose

33
Q

Powder Cocaine

A

nasally or mixed with water and injected
- urine tests cannot detect powered cocaine, can only detect crack cocaine

34
Q

Freebase cocaine

A

hydrochloric acid salt removed, and is smoked
- reaches the brain faster so it is more addictive

35
Q

Crack Cocaine

A
  • add baking soda to freebase cocaine
  • less pure form than powdered
  • solid form
  • can be smoked and it gives you pure cocaine vapour
  • lower in cost cause it’s less pure
36
Q

How does Cocaine Work?

A

block reuptake of dopamine and serotonin so they stick around in the synapse longer so we get the euphoric feeling
- can decrease IQ in offspring

37
Q

chronic meth use

A

psychotic symptoms
- reduces grey matter, hippocampus matter,
- teeth fall out

38
Q

Nicotine

A

primary psychoactive and addictive agent in tobacco
- activates the nicaotenist acitocholine receptor
- agonist for acitoholine
- is a stimulant but has relaxing qualities
- withdrawal is anxiety, drowsiness and headaches
- easy to develop tolerance, very addictive
- can cause brain damage
- appetite suppressant
- leading cause of preventable deaths
- low birth weight, asthma, 56% mortality rate for children of mothers who smoke; less grey matter and brain volume
- second hand smoke can cause mesalation

39
Q

Caffeine

A

active ingredient in coffee and tea, which produces arousal, increases alertness, and decreased sleepiness
- most widely consumed psychoactive drug
- health benefits in moderation but also subject to abuse
- can be lethal, 72 cups of coffee a day
- only a problem if u are on other stimulant drugs
- withdrawal symptoms headaches, fatigue, anxiety, shakes, and cravings which last 1-2 weeks

40
Q

Psychedelic Drugs

A

compounds that cause perceptual distortions in the user
- expand the senses, increase insight
- hallucinogenic drugs but don’t always cause hallucinations
- ability to enter consciousness and rewarding effects
- feeling of ecstasy
- 2 legal ones

41
Q

Serotonergic

A

stimulate serotonin receptors, agonists for serotonin
-produce sensory distortions like vibrant colours, geometric shapes
- LSD
- mushrooms
-DNT

42
Q

Catecholaminergic

A

resembles an amphetamines and epinephrine/ dopamine
- stimulant and hallucinogenic
- ecstasy/ Molly/MDMA
- ecstasy more dangerous because it is also a stimulant
- low doses; can cause hyperactivity and hyperthermia, increase energy, sexual arousal
- treatment of PTSD when combined with psychotherapy
- high doses can hallucinations

43
Q

NMDA Receptor Agonists

A

inhibit a type of glutamate receptor
- started as an anaesthetic
- use these drugs to replicate symptoms of schizophrenia
- PCP, ketamine

44
Q

Designer Drugs

A

synthetic drugs that are crated from chemicals; way to make it harder t be illegal because fo the ever-changing formula and ingredients
- much more dangerous because of this

45
Q

Marijuana

A

dried and crushed leaves and flowers of the plant fo cannabis sativa
- long term use; reduce hippocampus and amygdala volume, white matter impaired loss mylienation with corpus callosum and hippocampus
- when you stop using, you regain these functions
- synthetic marijuana can be lethal
- legalization decreased social stigma, decreases usage rates and addiction rate

46
Q

THC

A

major psychoactive drug within marijuana

47
Q

Cannabinoid

A

group of compounds including anandamide and 2-AG
- body produces these themselves, have their own receptors
- marijuana and THC bind to these receptors

48
Q

Hash

A

dried resin of the plant which is particularly high in THC

49
Q

THC

A
  • impaired cognition, distortion of time, motor coordination, and memory
  • increase dopamine release so mild euphoria and sense of wellbeing
50
Q

Addiction

A

neither pleasurable affect from a drug nor withdrawal fully account for drug use motivation
- overtime, you loose euphoric feelings from drug

51
Q

Reward

A

used to think control addiction however not the only thing
- positive effect an object or condition has on the user
- we think this is what makes someone an addict but not keep them one

52
Q

Mesolimbic Pathway

A

reward circuit
- made up of ventral segmental area and nucleus accumbent

53
Q

How does the Mesolimbic Pathway Work?

A

sends dopamine to the nucleus accumbent
- every drug target dopamine and the nucleus accumbens
- natural reward circuit
- we actively seek out things that active this system

54
Q

VTA

A

send dopamine to the nucleus acummbens

55
Q

Mesocortical pathway

A

include the amygdala hippocampus, and frontal lobe
- uses dopamine

56
Q

Mesocorticallimbic System

A
  • system consisting of mental segmental area and the brain regions receiving its dopaminergic
57
Q

Nucleus Accumbens

A

plays role in drug seeking behaviour because it plays role in goals and values
- sends info to prefrontal cortex and toegetrh determine goals and values
- receives info from hippocampus; gives memory of past drug use

58
Q

Amygdala

A

get emotional stimulation of when we use drugs

59
Q

Long Term Drug Use

A

more reward with drugs and less with normal rewarding behaviour
- baseline of dopamine decreases
- these long term effects increase relapse risks
- hypofrontality

60
Q

Hypofrontality

A

reduced activity in frontal regions that control working memory, behavioural inhibition, and response to environment
- this and brain changes from long term use refocuses individuals goal in life to obtain drug

61
Q

Addiction is due to..

A

learning processes; classical conditioning

62
Q

Agonist Treatments

A

replace addicting drug with another drug with similar effect
- methadone; for opioid addiction

63
Q

Methadone

A

synthetic opioid used to treat opioid addiction
- milder
- binds to same receptors
- less addicting, safer, legal, and makes withdrawal not as bad
- less relapse rates

64
Q

Antagonist Treatments

A

involve drugs that block effect of the addicting drug
- only works if the addict is willing and wanting to quit and complies with taking the treatment drug
- used to treat overdoses; fights the drug and prevents it from doing more damage
- naloxone to treat opioids

65
Q

Comorbidity

A

addiction often appears in combination with mental or emotional personality disorders which can complicate rehabilitation
- must treat these at the same time as addiction or there will be complications

66
Q

Aversive Treatments

A

cause a negative reaction when person takes the drug
- work well for alcohol and cigarettes and not too severe addiction

67
Q

Antidrug Vaccines

A

molecules that attach to the drug and stimulate immune system to make antibodies that will degrade the drug
- most only last 2-3 weeks
- limiting effects so addict can take higher dose to counteract the effects

68
Q

Type 1 Alcoholic

A

was cautious and emotionally dependent on alcohol
- around age 25
- distinct I’ve period of abstinence and guilty binge drinking
- usually other cases of alcoholism in biological family

69
Q

Type 2 Alcoholic

A

impulsive, uninhibited, socially and emotionally detached
- started at young age
- drank frequently with little guilt
- first case of alcoholism in biological family

70
Q

Genetics influence how drugs are…

A

metabolized, neurotransmitter/receptor levels, and other addiction risk factors

71
Q

Methylation

A

attachment of methyl group to DNA, which surpasses a gene’s activity

72
Q

Immense costs of drug abuse

A
  • human suffering
  • loss of health, productivity, and life
  • billions spent on treatment and incarceration

PSYCH 275 (10 decks)

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