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PSYCH 275 > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Neurons

A

cells that convert sensory information into the brain, carry out operations, and transmit commands to the body

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2
Q

Bipolar neuron

A

dendrites on one side, receive info, cell body, and then the axon terminals which send info to other cells
- sensory

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3
Q

Motor Neurons

A

carries commands to the muscles and organs
- sent away from CNS

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4
Q

Sensory Neurons

A

carry info from the body and outside world into the brain and spinal cord

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5
Q

Interneurons

A
  • majority of neutrons
  • neurone which connect one neutron to another in the same part of the brain or spinal cord
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6
Q

Cell Membrane

A
  • phospholipid bilayer
  • has a hydrophilic head and a hydrophobic tail
  • decides what gets in and what doesn’t
  • has proteins floating around that act as a channel, choose what comes in and out
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7
Q

Polarization

A

a state in which there is a difference in electrical charge between the inside and outside of the neutron
- due to selective permeability

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8
Q

Voltage

A

measure of the difference in electrical charge between two points

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9
Q

Resting Potential

A
  • difference in charge between inside and outside of membrane of a neuron at rest
  • on average, -70mV
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10
Q

Ions

A

atoms that have lost or gained elections

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11
Q

Postive Ions

A

Na+, K+

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12
Q

Negative

A

Cl-, A-

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13
Q

Force of Diffusion

A

tendency of ions to move through membrane to the less concentrated side

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14
Q

Electrostatic Pressure

A

force where ions are prelude from similarly charged, attracted to oppositely charged

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15
Q

Sodium Potassium Pump

A

large protein molecules that move sedum ions through cell membrane to outside, potassium ions back inside
- uses up a lot of energy
- accounts for about 40% of your neurone energy

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16
Q

Ion Channels

A

gated pores in the membrane formed by proteins; limit the flow on ions into and out of the cell
- can be chemically gated or electrically

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17
Q

Chemically Gated

A

neurotransmitter or hormones must bind for the channel to open
- the right one must bind or else it won’t open

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18
Q

Electrically Gated

A

will stay closed unless there is a change in electrical potential of the membrane

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19
Q

Excitatory

A

increase the likelihood of depolarization

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20
Q

Inhibitory

A

decrease the likelihood of depolarization

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21
Q

Local Potential

A
  • partial depoloarlization
  • polarity in an area shifts toward zero when disturbed
  • “graded potential”
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22
Q

Action Potential

A

abrupt depolarization of membrane that allows neurone to communicate
- huge amount of Na+ coming into the cell
- ungraded

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23
Q

Hyperpolarization

A

when the cell is too negative, below resting potential

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24
Q

Refractory Period

A

break for the neuron
- cannot immediately fire again

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25
Q

All-or-none Law

A

occurs at full strength or does not occur at all

26
Q

Non-Decremental

A

as it travels down the axon, it does not loose strength
- length of the axon doesn’t matter, the strength of the action potential does not change

27
Q

Absolute Refractory Period

A

sodium ion channels are unresponsive to further stimulation
- resting
- 1-2 ms

28
Q

Relative Refractory Period

A

sodium ion channels could support another action potential, but potassium channels are still open
- don’t really want to open
- 2-3 ms after the absolute refractory period

29
Q

Rate Law

A

axon encodes stimulus intensity not in the size of it’s action potential but in it’s firing rate

30
Q

Glial Cells

A

cells that provide a number of supporting functions to neurons

31
Q

Myelin

A

fatty tissue that wraps around an axon to insulate it
- keeps cell seperate from extracellular fluid and other neurons

32
Q

Nodes of Ranvier

A

gaps in the myelin sheath

33
Q

Saltatory Conduction

A

a form of transmission in which action potentials appear to jump from node to node

34
Q

Benefits of Myelin Sheath

A
  • reduces capacitance (slows movement of ions down the axon)
  • signal regeneration at nodes of Ranvier
  • use less energy
35
Q

Capacitance

A

electrical effect of the membrane,

36
Q

Oligodendrocytes

A
  • glial cells which produce myelin in the brain and spinal cord
  • almost 75% of glial cells in the brain are oligodendrocytes
37
Q

Schwann Cells

A

glial cells which produce myelin in the rest of the nervous system

38
Q

Radial Glia

A

during the fetal development they form “scaffolds” that guide new neurons to their destinations

39
Q

Microglia

A

provide energy to neurons and respond to injury and disease by removing cellular debris

40
Q

Astrocytes

A

trigger the formation of seven times as many connections in neurons

41
Q

Synapse

A

the connections between two neurons

42
Q

Synaptic Cleft

A

the small gap which separates neurons so they are not in direct physical contact at the synapse

43
Q

Presynaptic

A

transmitting neuron

44
Q

Post Synaptic

A

receiving neuron

45
Q

Vesicles

A

membrane-enclose bubbles at axon terminals which store neurotransmitters

46
Q

Ionotropic Receptors

A

receptors which forth ion channel and open quickly to produce the immediate reactions

47
Q

Metabotropic Receptors

A

receptors which open channels indirectly through a second messenger

48
Q

Partial Depolarization

A

depolarization which is excitatory and facilitates the occurrence of an action potential

49
Q

Hyper polarization

A

increased polarization which is inhibitory and makes an action potential less likely to occur

50
Q

Excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP)

A

when receptors open sodium channels to produce a partial depolarization of the dendrites and cell body

51
Q

Inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP)

A

when receptors open potassium channels, chloride channels, or both to produce a hyper polarization of the dendrites and cell body

52
Q

Spatial Summation

A

combines potentials occurring simultaneously at different locations on the dendrites and cell body

53
Q

Temporal Summation

A

combines potentials arriving a short time apart, from either the same or separate inputs

54
Q

Reuptake

A

transmitters taken back into the terminals by transporter proteins where they are repackaged into vesicles for reuse

55
Q

Presynaptic Excitation

A

increases the presynaptic neutrons release of neurotransmitters onto the postsynaptic neuron

56
Q

Presynaptic Inhibition

A

decreases the presynaptic neutrons release of neurotransmitter onto the postsynaptic neuron

57
Q

Autoreceptors

A

receptors on presynaptic terminals which sense amount of transmitter in cleft

58
Q

Dale’s Principle

A

erroneous belief that a neuron was capable of releasing only a single transmitter

59
Q

Corelease

A

partial vesicle opening

60
Q

Neural Codes

A

varied intervals between spikes in nerve signals

61
Q

Neural Networks

A

groups of neurons that function together

62
Q

Human Connectome Project

A

large-scale, multi- university effort to map brai’s circuits

PSYCH 275 (10 decks)

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