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PSYCH 275 > Chapter 11 > Flashcards

Chapter 11 Flashcards

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1
Q

Merkels DIsc

A

texture and fine detail
give a more sustained response

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1
Q

Meissners Corpuscle

A

for texture and fine detail
- closer to surface
- responds with brief burst of impulses

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2
Q

Pacinian Corpuscle and Ruffian Endings

A

deeper in skin layer
- detect stretch of the skin and the perception of the shape of grasped object

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3
Q

Temperature Receptors

A

all members of the transient receptor potential family of protein ion channels

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4
Q

Thermal Pain Receptors

A

hurts because of the extreme temperature
- also a type of TRP receptors

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5
Q

Chemical Pain. Receptors

A

wide range of chemical irritants
- includes spicy things

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6
Q

Mechanical Pain Receptors

A
  • exist but cannot tell us what they are
  • like being punched
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7
Q

Vestibular Sense

A
  • helps us maintain balance
  • provides information about head position and movement
  • maintained by fluid-filled vestibular organ of inner ear
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8
Q

Proprioception

A

senses movement, action, and location

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9
Q

Skin senses

A

senses conditions at the body surface

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10
Q

Vestibular System

A

senses body positions at the body surface

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11
Q

Semiciruclar annals

A

3 of them
- arranged in different orientations
- helps us respond to head movements in the three different directions
- position of our head

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12
Q

Utricle and Saccule

A

monitor head and position in terms of gravity

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13
Q

INtroceptive System

A

senses states of our internal organs

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14
Q

Cupula

A

tuffs of hair cells within it
- as they move and bend, it gives us information about positions
- speed at which they bend tells us at the speed in which the head is moving
- bend tells us which was the head is bending
- can only tell when your head accelerates not decelerates

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15
Q

Vestibular Nuclei, Cerebellum, Cortex (PIV)

A

receives information from the vestibular system

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16
Q

Parietal Insular Vestibular Cortex

A

receives information from the vestibular system

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17
Q

Dermatome

A

a segment of the body served by a single spinal nerve
- informs us what spinal nerve serves what portion of the bodies senses

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18
Q

Somatosensory Cortex

A

the projection area for the body sense neurons
- located in the parietal lobes just behind the primary motor cortex and the central sulcus

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19
Q

How Body Sense Information get to the Somatosensory Cortex?

A

enter spinal cord via spinal nerves or straight to the brain if it’s via a cranial nerve, then crosses over the midline in the medulla and travels to the thalamus

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20
Q

Somatotopic Map

A

representation of the body in the somatosensory cortex, with adjacent body parts represented in adjacent parts of the cortex

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21
Q

Somatosensory Cortex

A

four areas, each contains a somatotopic map of the body

22
Q

Secondary Somato

A

integrates information from both sides of the body
- neurones in this area responsive to stimuli that have acquired meaning
- sends connections to the part of the temporal lobe that includes the hippocampus, and the the posterior parietal cortex

23
Q

Movement to the Secondary Somatosensory Cortex

A

information passed from the thalamus to two subareas, extract some information, pass to two other areas which process info and pass the the secondary somatosensory cortex

24
Q

Hippocampus

A

forms somatosensory memories

25
Q

Posterior Parietal Cortex

A

association area that brings together the body senses, vision, and audition
- finally able to label what we are sensing
- neurons fire before and during movement to pass on information to frontal areas that trigger movements

26
Q

Body Integrity Identity Disorder

A

condition where individuals with no apparent brain damage or disorder are convinced their limb foes not belong to them
- when the limb is touched, their is no response in the superior parietal areas
- skin conductance response to stimulation is doubled in that limb suggesting intense emotion about the limb but still no perception

27
Q

Out of Body Experience

A

an illusion where the individual hallucinates seeing their body from another location

28
Q

Fast Pain Pathway

A
  • red lines, myelinated
  • registers localized pain and relays it to the cortex in a fraction of a second
29
Q

Slow

A

conveys the less localized, longer-lasting, aching, or burning pain
- C fibres are slower

30
Q

Alpha (A) Delta Fibers

A

myelinated so thicker and faster
- for fast pathway
- go up into the somatosensory areas

31
Q

Pain neurons immediately pass over at the

A

spinal cord

32
Q

C Fibres

A

for the slow pathway
- unmylinated so slower
- go to the midbrain and thalamus

33
Q

SUbstance P

A

neuropeptide that increases pain sensitivity
- so any future pain feels more intense

34
Q

Glutamate

A

released for mild pain and eventually substance P is released in the spinal cord and enhance sensitivity

35
Q

Nonsteroid Anti-Inflammitory (NSAID)

A

decreases swelling in tissues

36
Q

Opiates

A

stimulates opiate receptors, blocks pain messages in CNS

37
Q

COX-2 INhibitor (selective NSAID)

A

decreased inflammation

38
Q

Acetaminophen

A

blocks pain signals in CNS

39
Q

Endorphins

A

neurochemicals that function as neurotransmitters and hormones
- act at opiate receptors in nervous system
- only works under highly specific conditions

40
Q
A

inescapable pain, must really activate it, life or death
- naloxone eliminates that analgesia induced by inescapable shock but the milder analgesia that follows escapable shock

41
Q

Analgesia

A

pain relieving

42
Q

Gate Control Theory

A

pressure signals arriving in the brain trigger an inhibitory message that travels back down the spinal cord, where it close a neural ‘gate’ in the pain pathway
- where we believe endorphins are acting

43
Q

Periaqueductal Gray (PAG)

A

a brain stem structure surrounding the cerebral ventricles with a large number of endorphin synapses
- women have less opiate receptors here than men so they need more drugs to relieve pain
- there are cannabinoid receptors here

44
Q

Endorphins

A
  • stop the ascending pathway
  • inhibit the release of substance P
45
Q

Origins of Endorphin Activation

A

cingulate cortex or amygdala

46
Q

Congenital Analgesia

A

insensitivity to pain
- rare and dangerous
- linked to mutations in the SCN94, PRDM12. and NGFB genes as well as elevated natural opioid levels in the cerebrospinal fluid
- do have pain but don’t feel it as intensely

47
Q

Inflammatory Soup

A

an array of signalling molecules released when the body is in pain, which includes histamine, proteins, lipids, neurotransmitters, and cytokines

48
Q

Chronic Pain

A

pain that lasts after healing occurs
- severity of injury does not determine likelihood of chronic pain
- depression is strongly related to chronic pain
- strength of functional connectivity between nucleus accumbent and frontal cortex predicts chronic back pain; suggest emotional connection between injury and chronic pain

49
Q

SCN9A, COMT, 6 variations of Glucocorticoid Gene

A

genes associated with chronic pain

50
Q

Phantom Pain

A
51
Q

Nervous System Changes during Chronic Pain

A
  • pain pathways more sensitive
  • new connections between peripheral neurones in spinal cord; increase sensitivity
  • normal spinal inhibitory mechanisms depressed
52
Q

Brain Changes to Chronic Pain

A
  • brain-stem pathways more responsive
  • increase prefrontal cortex, anterior cingulate cortex, and insult activation
  • more somatosensory cortex devoted to painful areas
  • grey matter lost proportionately to the amount and duration of pain

PSYCH 275 (10 decks)

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