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PSYCH 275 > Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

Central Nervous System

A

includes the brain and spinal cord

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2
Q

Neuron

A

a single neural cell

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3
Q

Nerve

A

a bundle of axons running together
- term only used in the peripheral nervous system

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4
Q

Tract

A

a bundle of axons running together in the CNS

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5
Q

Nucleus

A

group of cell bodies in CNS

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6
Q

Ganglion

A

group of cell bodies in PNS

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7
Q

Forebrain

A

contains two cerebral hemispheres, the thalamus, and the hypothalamus

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8
Q

Cerebral Hemispheres

A

large, wrinkled structures dominating brain’s appearance
- the dorsal or superior part of the brain that are covered by the cortex

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9
Q

Longitudinal Fissure

A

division running length of the brain separating cerebral hemispheres

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10
Q

Gyrus

A

each ridge in the surface of the brain

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11
Q

Sulcus

A

groove or space between two gyri

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12
Q

Fissure

A

large groove or space between two gyri

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13
Q

Cortex

A

outer surface of brain
- mostly made up of the cell bodies of neurons

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14
Q

The Cortex

A
  • 1.4 to 4.0 mm thick
  • convolutions provide 3x more surface area; also allow more access to cell bodies
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15
Q

White Matter

A
  • primarily made up by myelinated axons
  • inner cortex
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16
Q

Gray Matter

A
  • made up of neuronal cell bodies
  • outer cortex
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17
Q

Cortex; Layer 1

A

inhibitory
- outer most layer

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18
Q

Cortex; Layer 2 and 3

A

associational

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19
Q

Cortex; Layer 4

A

sensory

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20
Q

Cortex; Layers 5 and 6

A

motor functions
- inner most layer

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21
Q

Brain Size and Intelligence

A
  • brain size does not determine intelligence, brain size is more related to body size
  • the complexity of the brain is what determines intellectual power
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22
Q

Dorsal

A

toward the back

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23
Q

Ventral

A

toward the stomach

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24
Q

Anterior

A

toward the front

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25
Q

Posterior

A

toward the rear

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26
Q

Superior

A

above another structure

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27
Q

Inferior

A

below another structure

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28
Q

Lateral

A

toward the side

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29
Q

Medial

A

toward the middle

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30
Q

Central Sulcus

A

divides the frontal and the parietal lobe

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31
Q

Lateral Fissure

A

runs above the temporal lobe

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32
Q

Frontal Lobe

A

where motor messages are being sent from

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33
Q

Precentral Gyrus

A
  • the primary motor cortex
  • controls voluntary movement
  • is in front of the central sulcus
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34
Q

Homunculus

A

a distorted image of the human body that enlarges the parts of the body which have the most cortex dedicated to the body part
- the more cortex, the more movements that part can do

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35
Q

Broca’s Area

A

controls speech production; grammar and the motor control involved in speech
- in the left hemisphere for most people

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36
Q

Prefrontal cortex

A

involved in planning and organization of behaviour, decision making, adjust behaviour in terms of consequences, and life planning/goals
- most anterior part of the brain and the largest
- accounts for almost 30% of your entire cortex

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37
Q

Psychosurgery

A

use of surgical intervention to treat cognitive and emotional disorders

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38
Q

Lobotomy

A

involves severing connections in the brain’s prefrontal cortex
- performed for schizophrenia but then people started using it for just having emotions, women’s periods, depression
- made them calmer but that is cause they were in a coma like state
- some patients acted in a child-like manner
- 50% were still hospitalized a few years later and 25% couldn’t live independently

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39
Q

Corpus Callosotomy

A

involves cutting corpus callous to limit spread of epileptic activity between hemispheres

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40
Q

Parietal Lobe

A

superior to the central sulcus
- contains the primary somatosensory cortex

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41
Q

Primary Somatosensory Cortex

A

post central gyrus
- process skin senses and motor movement senses
- body sensations
- represented in a homunculus

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42
Q

Association Areas

A

areas which combine information from different parts of the brain to create a bigger picture; combining different senses to know big things

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43
Q

Neglect

A

disorder in which the person ignores objects, people, and activity on the side opposite the damage
- most commonly occurs when the posterior parietal cortex is damaged, particularly if the damage occurs in the right parietal lobe

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44
Q

Temporal Lobe

A

under ear
- contains auditory projection area, visual and auditory association, language, involved in learning and memory
- alheizmers originates here

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45
Q

Primary Auditory Cortex

A

top gyrus in temporal lobe (superior gyrus)
- receive auditory info first

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46
Q

Secondary Auditory Area

A

where most auditory processing occurs

47
Q

Wernickes Area

A

association area
- involved in understanding language
- receive input from auditory and visual areas
- understanding spoken and written language
- communicates to Broca’s area to help formulate responses
- damage to this area, can still speak but struggle to understand written and spoken language; including sign language
- mostly only found on the left hemisphere, on same side as the Broca’s area

48
Q

Inferior Temporal Cortex

A

plays a major role in visual identification of objects
- bottom half
- the what pathway from the occipital lobe goes to the inferior temporal cortex
- damage, can describe something but if the object is in front of you, you couldn’t connect the description to what you are seeing

49
Q

Occipital Lobe

A
  • back of your head
  • vision
  • has the visual cortex
  • primary visual cortex is the very tip of the back
  • association areas behind, they detect individual comments of a scene and then come together; info either goes to the what or the where pathway (goes to the parietal lobe)
50
Q

Thalamus

A

receives information from all sensory systems expect olfaction (smell)
- everything travels through here then gets sent to where it needs to go
- we have two; one in each hemisphere

51
Q

Hypothalamus

A

plays major role in controlling produce all of our hormones
-controls pituitary gland
- we have 2, one in each hemisphere

52
Q

Pineal Gland

A

secretes melatonin, a hormone that induces sleep
- only one

53
Q

Corpus Callosum

A

band of fibres that carry information between brain hemispheres; relays info between hemispheres
- where the longitudinal fissure ends
- used to treat epilepsy as a last resort; seizures start on one side and get more severe when it crosses to the other hemisphere; by cutting the corpus callosum, the individual can stay concisous

54
Q

Basal Ganglia

A

movement, reward

55
Q

Hippocampus

A

memory

56
Q

Ventricles

A

cavities ingrain which develop from the hollow interior of the nervous system
- two lateral, one third ( below corpus callosum), and a forth
- lateral and third are in the forebrain

57
Q

Cerebrospinal FLuid

A

carries material from blood vessels to the CNS and transports waste materials in the other direction

58
Q

Substantia Nigra

A
  • midbrain, smallest part of brain
    -project to the basal ganglia and integrate movements
  • involved in Parkinson’s disease; this part is not producing dopamine; without this dopamine, movements get jittery
59
Q

Superior Colliculus

A
  • two
  • midbrain
  • helps guide eye movement, and fixation of gaze
60
Q

Inferior Colliculi

A

-two
-midbrain
- hearing; helps locate sounds, direction of sounds

61
Q

Fourth Ventricle

A
62
Q

Cerebral Aqueduct

A

major highway of cerebrospinal fluid through the brain

63
Q

Hind Brain

A

pons, reticular formation, medulla, cerebellum

64
Q

Cerebellum

A
  • “little brain”
  • ## refined movements initiated by motor cortex
65
Q

Pons

A

contain the renters related to sleep and arousal

66
Q

Reticular formation

A

in between pons, collection multiple different nuclei that run though the middle fo the hind brain and mid brain
- sleep and arousal, attention, and some motor activities like reflexes

67
Q

Medulla

A

-forms lower part of hindbrain
- nuclei are involved in central life processes like heart and breathing
- damage means your dead

68
Q

Spinal Cord

A

finger-sized cable of neurons that carries commands from the brain to muscles and organs, and sensory information into the brain
- rapid reflex responses; hand on hot stove
-helps generate pattern generated behaviours like walking
- has grey matter surrounded by white matter

69
Q

Dorsal Root

A

a region of each spinal nerve where sensory neurons enter the spinal cord
- receives information
-sensory neurons in the dorsal root; these neurons are unipolar

70
Q

Ventral Root

A

the region in which axons of motor neurons pass out of the spinal cord
- sends information out to the muscles

71
Q

Dorsal Root Ganglia

A
  • a nucleus found outside the spinal cord of the unipolar sensory neurons
72
Q

Ventral Root Ganglia

A
73
Q

C1-C8

A

cervical nerves
- connect head, neck, shoulders, and elbows

74
Q

T1-T12

A

thoracic nerves
- connect lower arms, hands, upper torso, and most of your internal organs

75
Q

S1-S5

A

sacral nerves
- hips and but

76
Q

Coccoygeal nerve

A

controls rectum

77
Q

L1-L5

A

lumbar
-legs, feet and intestines

78
Q

Brain Stem

A
  • contains hind brain and mid brain
79
Q

Reflex

A

simple, automatic movement in response to sensory stimulus

80
Q

Where does information cross over

A

in the spinal cord

81
Q

Meninges

A

protective three-layered membrane
- around the brain and spinal cord

82
Q

Blood-brain barrier

A

limits passage between bloodstream and the brain, provides constant protection from toxic substances and from neurotransmitters circulating in the blood
- formed by glial cells wrap around blood capillary and seal completely so blood can’t touch neurons; because of this, lipophillac (like fat) things can pass and hydrophilic cannot
- not all parts of brain are surrounds by this barrier; by the ventricles it very sparse

83
Q

Dura

A

-outer most layer of the meninges
- thick tough membrane
- make sure nothing bad gets in and touch brain

84
Q

Eracnoid Layers

A

-separates blood and CSF cause blood kills neurons
- second layer of meninges
- responsible for headaches; your eracnoid layer gets inflamed
- head injury; cause bruising between this and dura ( called subdura hematoma)

85
Q

Pia Layer

A
  • inner most layer of meninges
  • shrink wrapped to brain, very thin
  • helps keep the brain together
    -only layer get goes into the sulci and fissures
86
Q

The Peripheral Nervous System

A
  • goes to and from the CNS
  • contains the cranial nerves
87
Q

Afferent

A

toward the CNS; sensory neurons

88
Q

Efferent

A

away from the CNS; motor neurons

89
Q

Cranial Nerves

A

-nerves that enter and leave the underside of the brain (ventral side)
- debate whether this is part of peripheral because of their complexity
- 13 cranial nerves

90
Q

Spinal Nerves

A
  • nerves which connect to the sides of the spinal cord at each vertebra
91
Q

Olfactory Bulb (1)

A
  • sensory; nose
92
Q

Optic Nerve (2)

A

sensory (eye)

93
Q

Oculomotor (3)

A

motor; all eye muscles except those supplied by 4 and 6
- 3,4,6 are all eye movements

94
Q

Vagus (10)

A
  • involved in pooping
  • biggest nerve
  • motor; heart, lungs, bronchi, gastrointestinal tract
  • causes the sudden need to poop in cats; for us this nerve is longer so it is not as sudden of a feeling
  • sensory; heart, lungs, bronchi, trachea, larynx, pharynx, gastrointestinal tract, external ear
95
Q

Somatic nervous System

A
  • voluntary movements and sensory receptors
  • everything concious
96
Q

Autonomic Nervous Systems

A
  • controls automatic, involuntary functions
  • controlled by mid and hind brain
97
Q

Sympathetic

A
  • increase blood pressure, breathing rate, muscles tense, stop digestion, stops other drives
  • fight or flight
  • come from thorastic and lumbar areas of the spinal cord
98
Q

Parasympathetic

A

stop
- return to base line; breathing decrease, relax muscles, heart rate decrease, digestion recommences

99
Q
  1. Proliferation
A

the cells that will become neurons divide and multiply rapidly
- 1/4 of a million new neurons every minute
- happens in the ventricular zone which later becomes out ventricles

100
Q
  1. Migration
A

newly formed neurons move from the ventricular zone to their final location
- use radial glial cells guide migrating neurons
- a neurons function is determined when it was formed and where it was formed however in early stages, it’s function can change

101
Q

Stages of Development

A
  • the tube then becomes the spinal cord
  • the neural groove happens in the embryo; edges of groove then curl upward and create a tube, skin and muscle forms around the tube
  • once tube has formed, we move into the 4 stages of development
102
Q
  1. Circuit Formation
A
  • process in which the axons of developing neurons grow toward their target cells and form functional connections
  • at the very end of a baby axon, the growth cone; a detector to make sure it travels the right way
  • once it gets to its target, growth cone dies off and them our axon terminals forms
  • this is why axons usually don’t travel in a straight line
103
Q

Circuit Pruning

A
  • the elimination of excess neurons and synapses
  • helps us not need as much energy or nutrients to up keep it all
  • happens also after birth, doesn’t usually stop until puberty age
104
Q

Plasticity

A

-type of circuit pruning
- ability of a synapse to be modified
- use it or lose it
-FAS; alters the offsprings ability to do plasticity even long term

105
Q

Reorganization

A

shift in connection that changes functions of an area of the brain
- happens a lot after injury or amputation
- if hand is amputated; areas of brain/cells dedicated to that area are gonna change function for a different part of the body
- can take months to years

106
Q

Stroke

A

condition caused by loss of blood flow to the brain
- ischemic or hemorrhagic

107
Q

Ischemic

A
  • most common; caused by blockage of artery like a blood clot so parts fo brain with that clot can’t get nutrients
108
Q

Hemorrhagic

A
  • an artery bursts; more deadly
  • don’t have the nutrients and blood and you also have a pool of blood sitting on the brain; blood kills the neurons its touching and the parts of blood not getting oxygen will die
109
Q

Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI)

A
  • condition caused baby external mechanical force, sudden acceleration or deceleration, or penetration
  • account for 30% of all injury deaths annually
  • 30% caused by falls and 17% by vehicle accidents
  • repeated TBI increase healing time
110
Q

Regeneration

A

growth of severed axons
- easy to do in amphibians
- doesn’t occur very often in mammals, happens more in the CNS than the PNS because Glial cells help most with regeneration
- easier with myelinated axons

111
Q

Neurogenesis

A

birth of new neurons
- easier to do the younger you are but can happen any time in life
- happens a lot in the hippocampus and the lateral ventricles

112
Q

Compensation

A

uninjured tissue takes over function of lost neurons
- like reorganization except compensation is only when the cells die

113
Q

Stem Cells

A

undifferentiated cells that can develop into specialized cells,
-asult stem cells are less potent and confined to areas with high replacement rates; like skin, bone marrow and intestines

PSYCH 275 (10 decks)

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