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PSYCH 275 > Chapter 14 > Flashcards

Chapter 14 Flashcards

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1
Q

Dopamine Deficiency

A

dopaminergic drugs are ineffective in many
- not all schizophrenic people have excessive dopamine
- side effect of antipsychotic drugs is Parkinson’s like symptoms

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2
Q

Tardive Dyskinesia

A

tremors and involuntary movements due to long term blocking of dopamine receptors
- happens when you take anti-dopamine drugs
- even after you stop taking it, these symptoms continue for around a year after, creates long term changes

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3
Q

Neuroleptics

A

atypical or second-generation antipsychotics block receptors less strongly and target other, non-dopamine receptors

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4
Q

Glutamate Theory

A

hypo function of NMDA receptors; increases in glutamate, increases in dopamine
- this increases positive ND negative symptoms of schizophrenia

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5
Q

Brain Malfunctions in Schizophrenia

A

brain tissue deficits create ventricular enlargement
- hypofrontality
- decreases in temporal and frontal lobes
- increases activity in orbital frontal cortex and parts of the hippocampus

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6
Q

Wisconsin Card Sorting Test

A

test for hypofrontality
- requires individuals to change strategies mid- stream
ie; sort these by cloud and then half wa through, you are told to switch to sorting them by even or odd
- schizophrenic patients have less activity in frontal lobe and therefore have troubles switching due to the frontal lobes role in long term planning

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7
Q

Neurological Anomalies in Schizophrenia

A
  • neural connections and synchrony; connections have been disrupted
  • white matter is decreases
  • cortical thickness decreases
  • association between schizophrenia and brain damage
  • developmental disease; you have schizophrenia from birth or before then
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8
Q

Winter Birth Effect

A

more patients with schizophrenia were born in the winter months than the summer months
- winter and spring months
- rates of schizophrenia peak during a particularly high influenza season

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9
Q

Interleukin 1 Beta Level

A

protein released by the body
- schizophrenic patients have more of this
- we believe this is due to maternal infection during second trimester

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10
Q

Affective/ Mood Disorders

A

depressive disorders, mania, bipolar disorders

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11
Q

Depressive Disorders

A

intense sadness and loss of interest
- circadian rhythm is controlled by genes; these genes are messed up

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12
Q

Mania

A

excessive energy and confidence

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13
Q

Bipolar Disorders

A

alternate between depression and mania

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14
Q

Reactive Depression

A

occasional intense sadness in response to life challenges

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15
Q

Major (unipolar) Depressive Disorders (MDD)

A

intense sadness for long periods of time
- sad to the point of hopelessness at weeks at a time, enjoy ability to enjoy the great things in life

cognitive symptoms- slowness of thought, sleep disturbances, memory impairments

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16
Q

Mania Symptoms

A
  • inflated self-esteem
  • decreases sleep
  • talkativeness
  • racing thoughts or ideas
  • easily distracted
  • increased goal- directed activities
  • agitations
  • excessive involvement in risky activities

Must have 3 or more symptoms, must be debilitating, and not caused by drugs

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17
Q

Bipolar 1

A

alternated between periods of depression and full-blown mania
- often includes psychotic features such as delusions, hallucinations, paranoia, or bizarre behaviour

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18
Q

Bipolar 2

A

alternate between periods of depression and hypomania

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19
Q

Hypomania

A

the extreme opposite of mania symptoms

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20
Q

Cyclothymia Disorder

A

cycle between depression and mania very quickly
- by days or hours

21
Q

Dopamine and Serotonin in Bipolar

A

increased sensitivity to dopamine, decreases sensitivity of serotonin or more general dysregulation of dopaminergic system

22
Q

Drug Treatments of Bipolar Disorder

A

second- generation antipsychotics
- lithium; reduces mania and limits depressive episodes
- carbamazepine and valproate

23
Q

Heredity of Affective Disorders

A

partly heritable
- 37% heritability overall, but more in women than men
- prominent environmental antecedents of depression involve stress
- despite similarities, depression and bipolar disorders are genetically independent

24
Q

Rhythms and Affective Disorders

A
  • circadian rhythms shift earlier
  • less time spent in stages 3 and 4 of sleep and more time spent in REM sleep; stages 3 and 4 is when you get rested and REM is when your brain is active
  • they are getting lest restful sleep because their brain is active the whole night
25
Q

Seasonal Affective Disorder

A

pattern of depression that rises and falls with the seasons
- circannual rhythm
- leads to excessive sleep and increased appetites

26
Q

Phototherapy

A

patient sits in front of high-intensity lights for a couple of hours a day

27
Q

Neurological Abnormalities in Affective Disorders

A

prefrontal deficits in depression
- reduced total brain activity in unipolar patients and patients and depressed bipolar patients
- cingulate cortex, hippocampus, and ventral prefrontal cortex
- enlarged amygdala and left hypothalamus
- areas responsible for attention and filtering information

28
Q

Bipolar Disorder Neurological Abnormalities

A
  • decreased thickness and glial density in anterior cingulate cortex
  • reduced density of neurons in parts of the amygdala
  • decreases in subset of neurons in prefrontal cortex
  • connectivity is reduced in the cortex, corpus callosum, and thalamus
  • increased brain metabolism during manic episodes
29
Q

Most likely psychiatric illness to commit suicide

A

bipolar patients at most risk to commit suicide

30
Q

Anxiety

A

SSRI’s used to treat

31
Q

Panic Disorders

A

Benzodiazepines used to treat

32
Q

PTSD

A

a prolonged stress reaction to a traumatic event
- men more likely to be exposed to these types of traumatic events, but women are 3 times more likely to develop them
Symptoms
- recurrent thoughts and images of the traumatic event
- avoiding reminders of the event
- feelings of emptiness and detachment
- lack of concentration
- overactivity to environmental stimuli

  • exposure therapy is the only thing that has been seen to work in treatment; good at reducing symptoms but not fully treat it
33
Q

Anomalies in Brain Functioning

A

amygdala is hyper responsive; less stimulation needed to get active
- anterior cingulate cortex in hyperactive in GAD, panic disorder, and phobias
- insular cortex is overly responsive phobias and PTSD
- decreases in medial prefrontal cortex and hippocampus in PTSD

34
Q

ventral attention network

A

why we are hypersensitive to certain stimuli and focus our attention on them

35
Q

salients network

A

receives information from the ventral attention network and provides error detection
- compare intended response with the appropriate response
- if there is a mismatch

36
Q

fronto parietal network

A

is there is a mismatch in the intended and appropriate response, information gets sent here
- part of executive control

37
Q

default mode network

A

engages in self monitoring, further planning, and emotional regulation

38
Q

Disregulation of these Networks

A

causes anxiety
- these go in order

39
Q

Personality Disorders

A

behavioural patterns different relative to their peers
- 10 of them
- onset around puberty or adolescents
- distress or inability to function in a society

Symptoms
- distrust and suspicion
- unstable social relationships
- problems with control and attention
- emotional dysfunction

40
Q

OCD

A

obsessions and compulsions occur in the same person
- increased activity in the orbitofrontal cortex, especially the left orbital gyrus, and in the caudate nuclei
- researchers believe that OCD patients are high in serotonergic activity
- drug and behavioural therapy reduce some of this activity in the brain
- white matter is decreased in pathway between the basal ganglia, thalamus, and the cortex
- SSRI’s help treat
- surgery option; if no therapies or drugs work; ACC can be removed (cinculotomy)

41
Q

Obsession

A

reoccurring uncontrollable thought

42
Q

Compulsion

A

ritualistic behaviour done to remove anxiety of an obsession

43
Q

OCPD (Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorders)

A

does not experience distress and anxiety over the obsessive and cleaning and organization
;believe it is completely logical

44
Q

Cinculotomy

A

lesion the anterior cingulate cortex to help treat OCD
- SIDE EFFECTS

45
Q

Overgrooming

A

OCD related disorders
may manifest as nail biting, hair pulling, skin picking

46
Q

Hoarding

A

OCD related disorders
dedicated collectors
- hoarders have more activity in the ACC and insula and the rest of the salience network than OCD patients
- trouble assigning value to things so everything is important

47
Q

Tourette syndrome

A

a disorder where individuals produce a variety of motor and phonic tics
- symptoms begin between the ages of 2 and 15 years and usually progress from simple to more complex tics. with increasing compulsive or ritualistic qualities
- tics can be surprised for short periods of time
- more frequent in males
- increased activity in basal ganglia
- treatment de-brain stimulation to the thalamus or benzodiazepines

48
Q

Borderline Personality Disorder

A
  • unstable interpersonal relationships
  • poor self-image
  • impulsivity
  • intense fear pf abandonment and rejection
  • strong desire to be loved
  • rapid vacillation between feelings of love and hate
  • risky behaviour such as gambling and speeding
  • high risk of suicide and suicidal thoughts

strong genetic basis; heritability of 48%
- genes involved are same involved in production of serotonin and dopamine

PSYCH 275 (10 decks)

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