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PSYCH 275 > Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

Electroencephalogram (EEG)

A

electronic amplifier detects electrical activity of all neurons between two electrodes
- ‘brain waves’ are the electrical activity between these two electrodes

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2
Q

Temporal Resolution

A

events as close as 1 ms apart
accurate track the brains responses to events

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3
Q

Spatial Resolution

A

imprecise unless electrodes are applied directly to the brain surface
- cost effective; good first step

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4
Q

Event-related Potential

A

averaging many recorded responses to stimulus
- cancels out background noise
- reveals brains unique response to stimulus

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5
Q

EEG- Awake

A

low voltage, high frequency brain waves

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6
Q

EEG- Drowsy

A

higher voltage slower frequency brain waves

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7
Q

EEG- Deep, Dreamless sleep

A

high voltage, low frequency brain waves

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8
Q

Stereotaxic Instrument

A

mainly in animals
- device that holds the head in a fixed position allowing us the pride in the brain
- probes typically fine-wire electrodes
-microelectrodes can monitor and stimulate a single neuron ( typically only in animal research)

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9
Q

Atlas

A

3D map of the brain

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10
Q

Optogenetic Techniuw

A

light sensitive channels can be inserted in specific types of neurons
- more precise that electrical stimulation
- light gated channels
- only on animals or petridish

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11
Q

Microdialysis

A

a more complex variation of cannulation
- chemical stimulation
- drawing out the liquid and removing the neurotransmitter in that specific area so we know which neurotransmitters are there

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12
Q

Cannulation

A

tiny tube you put in brain so the tube is right above the place you want to target
- inject drug through tube and target the one area
- use the stereotaxic instrument to get the brain in a fixed position

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13
Q

Natural Experiments

A
  • case studies
  • historically brain damage patients were a rich source of brain research
  • damage may overlap different functional areas
  • damage may fail to affect the entirety of a functional area
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14
Q

Ablation

A

surgical removal of brain tissue
- used for large areas; imprecise
- often done by aspiration; tiny vacuum

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15
Q

Lesioning

A

surgical damaging of neural tissue
- precise and sometimes reversible
- inject acid into certain part of brain killing the neurons in that one section

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16
Q

Reversible lesions

A

inject a drug or chemical instead of acid
- can also make that one part of the brain very cold so it is temporarily turned off but overtime, the brain becomes alive again

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17
Q

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS)

A

noninvasive technique using a magnet coil to induced a voltage
- device held over scalp and pulsed at varying rates
- either decreases or increases firing rate
- valuable in both research and therapeutically
- transcranial direct current stimulation
- used in stroke patients; used for recovery by activating certain areas
- can last if you use a strong ‘dose’
- depression/anxiety for people who are resistant to certain medication

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18
Q

Computed Tomography (CT) or (CAT)

A

produces series of x-rays then composites them into a 3-D image
- ‘false colours’ added for contrast
- image shows differing densities of blood vessels in the brain
- good for looking at only structure; not function
- can give someone a dyed drink or inject a dyed substance and it can highlight blood vessels by collaring them

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19
Q

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

A

measures radio-frequency waves emitted by hydrogen atoms exposed to magnetic field
- most hydrogen atoms within water molecules (78% of the brain); creates very detailed images of the brain
- non-hydrogen elements can now be measured
- only structure not functions

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20
Q

Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI)

A

MRI variant measuring the movement of water molecules
- measures structure and function a little bit
- shows us the pathways between different brain areas

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21
Q

Positron Emission

A
  • function
  • observation of brain regions through a radioactive substance injected into bloodstream
  • scanner picks up emitted positrons to form a colour-coded
  • cannot detect canes less than 30s in duration
  • can’t tell us where it is happening; just general
22
Q

Different scans

A
  • different scans; subtract the neutral condition from the test condition
  • image you see is the difference between the two
23
Q

2DG

A
  • radioactive glucose; more active cells need glucose so the 2DG will be absorbed so active cells will absorb more 2DG than non active ones
24
Q

Functional Magneti Resonance Imaging (FMRI)

A

detects increase in blood flow and oxygen use
- suitable for repeated measurements
good spatial resolution
alternative to PET scans
- costly due to expense of equipment
- can detect changes in brain activity every couple seconds

25
Q

Limitations

A

fMRI is low sensitivity
test-retest reliability often low
methods of data selection ( ‘data snooping’)

26
Q

Spatial Resolution; Important

A

CT and MRI

27
Q

Data Snooping

A

people then to measure everything and look for significant results rather than asking a question and testing it
- a lot of bias

28
Q

Family Study

A

determines how a characteristic is shared among relatives
- heredity effects typically cofounded by environment
- variables measured on a numerical scale require a correlation coefficient
- good for binary characteristics; traits that are there or not there

29
Q

Correlation

A

degree of relationship between two variables
- expressed with correlation coefficient; a number between 0.0 and +/- 1.0

30
Q

Postive Correlation

A

both values increase together or decrease together

31
Q

Negative Correlation

A

when one variable increases, the other decreases

32
Q

Twin Study

A

assessing how similar twins are compared to each other and non-twin or fraternal twin siblings
- identical twins share 100% DNA and fraternal 50%

33
Q

Concordance Rate

A

frequency with with relatives are alike in a characteristic

34
Q

Genetic Engineering

A

manipulating an organism’s genes
- only in nonhumans, mainly rats and mice

35
Q

Knockout technique

A

non-functioning mutation introduced into gene, then transferred to embryos
- turn off a gene; non existent
- RNA strand can’t even be created

36
Q

Knockdown technique

A

silencing a gene by interfering with its expression
- less severe
- uses an antisense RNA; gene will still be transcribes but aminoacides don’t get formed and so proteins do not get made

37
Q

Antisense RNA

A

complementary strand of RNA which binds to mRNA to black gene expression

38
Q

Gene Transer

A

recumbent DNA
- gene from another organism is inserted into recipient cells

39
Q

Gene Therapy

A

treatment of disorders by manipulating genes
- ideal to treat disorder when we know there is a gene responsible for it

40
Q

Vector

A
  • often a disabled virus; carries gene in body to the cells and inserts the gene for us
41
Q

Plagiarism

A

theft of another work or ideas

42
Q

Fabrication

A

faking results
- more serious than plagarism
- introduces erroneous information to the field
- 2% of researches admit to falsification

43
Q

Informed Consent

A

individuals voluntary agreement to participate with understanding of potential adverse effects

44
Q

Deception

A

misinforming or failing to disclose to participants the details of the study
- many restrictive guidelines on appropriate deception
- informed consent required if there is a risk of physical pain or severe emotional distress
- risks must be told no matter what

45
Q

Speciesism

A

term coined by animal rights activists

46
Q

Dual Standard

A

experimenters preference for inflicting discomfort or dangers on animals rather than human

47
Q

Gene Therapy Ethical Concerns

A
  • gene manipulation could affect reproduction
  • future generations cannot consent to this manipulation
  • extent to which gene editing should be permitted
48
Q

Stem Cell Therapy

A
  • applicantion of pluripotent embryonic stem cells; brain/spinal cord injury, stroke, etc.
49
Q

Ethical Concerns with Stem Cell Therapy

A
  • creation and intentional termination of human embryos for research (some find this morally repugnant)
  • dangers posed by non-approved stem cell therapies offered in private clinics
50
Q
A

PSYCH 275 (10 decks)

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