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Intro to Psyc Research > Chapter 5 > Flashcards

Chapter 5 Flashcards

1
Q

3 types of measures

A

self-report
physiological
observational

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2
Q

3 types of self reports

A

cognitive
affective/emotional
behavioral

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3
Q

self-reports can be formatted in what 2 ways?

A

rating scales or open ended questions

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4
Q

main difference between observational and physiological measures

A

obs: external and visible (behavior)
phys: internal and non-visible (bodily processes)

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5
Q

what guides us when choosing out type of measure?

A

theoretical interest & knowing that the 3 measured don’t always agree

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6
Q

researchers are encouraged to use how many types of measurement?

A

at least 2

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7
Q

properties of the real number system & definitions

A

identity: each # has a unique meaning
magnitude: #s have a correct order
equal intervals: dif. b/w units is equal anywhere on the scale
true zero: complete absence of the variable; NOT a quantitative value

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8
Q

example of a non-true zero

A

temperature 0 degrees Celsius

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9
Q

nominal variables

A

-no numerical properties
-doesnt make sense to do math
-can’t be ordered
-qualitatively distinct categories

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10
Q

orfinal variables

A

-can rank levels of a variable
-distances between consecutive values are not equal
-higher numbers represent more of the quality being measured

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11
Q

measurement

A

process of assigning values meaningfully to behavior, people, etc.

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12
Q

interval variables

A

-distances between consecutive values ARE EQUAL
-no true zero
-ex: temperature

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13
Q

ratio variables

A

-equal intervals
-true zero point/absolute zero point
-ex: time, length, weight, etc.

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14
Q

scales of measurement and their numerical properties

A

nominal - identity
ordinal - identity, magnitude
interval - identity, magnitude, equal intervals
ratio - identity, magnitude, equal intervals and true zero

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15
Q

considerations when choosing a scale of measurement

A

-info yielded
-stats
-ecological (do they correspond meaningfully)

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16
Q

reliability

A

how consistent the results of a measure are

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17
Q

observed score

A

true score plus error

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18
Q

true score

A

the score if the measure were perfect; not directly observable

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19
Q

sources of measurement error

A

-mood of participants
-stable attributes of participants (motivation, social anxiety, etc.)
-factors in the research setting
-characteristics of measure (ambiguity, test length, etc.)
-recording mistakes

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20
Q

if consistency is observed…

A

the measure is tapping into true scores

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21
Q

3 types of reliability

A

test-retest
interrater
internal

22
Q

test-retest reliability

A

consistency in results every time a measure is used

23
Q

what and when do we observe test-retest reliability for?

A

measure the SAME sample of people at at least 2 DIFFERENT points in time.

24
Q

what measures does test-retest apply to?

A

self-report, obs. and phys.

25
Q

what coefficient quantifies test-retest reliability?

A

correlation baby!

26
Q

2 limitations of test-retest

A

-only meaningful for stable constructs
-responses can be artificially inflated if people remember their initial responses

27
Q

what graph do we rely on for test-retest?

A

scatterplots

28
Q

interrater reliability

A

consistency across observers for the same set of obs.

29
Q

interrater reliability is most applicable to which measure?

A

obs.

30
Q

interrater reliability for quantitative variables

A

correlation coefficient

31
Q

interrater reliability for categorical variables

A

% agreement or kappa

32
Q

is kappa usually smaller or larger than % agreement?

A

smaller

33
Q

internal reliability/consistency

A

strength of correlation between items

34
Q

what and when do we observe internal reliability for?

A

measure the same people with MULTIPLE ITEMS tapping into SAME CONSTRUCT

35
Q

AIC

A

average inter-item correlation: average of all possible correlations between each other and the others

36
Q

what AIC shows good internal reliability?

A

0.15-0.50

37
Q

what cronbach’s coefficient alpha shows good internal reliability?

A

0.80-1

38
Q

2 signs of low internal reliability

A

-more measurement error
-construct has more than one component

39
Q

reliability is likely to increase if we increase the number of…

A

-observers
-observations
-occasions

40
Q

5 types of measurement validity

A

face
content
criterion
convergent
discriminant/divergent

41
Q

face validity

A

does the measure at the surface level (i.e. just looking at the term) appear to measure what it’s supposed to?

42
Q

which type of validity may not be present but the measure can still actually be valid?

A

face validity

43
Q

content validity

A

the measure contains all the domains that the theory says it should contain

44
Q

criterion validity

A

is the measure related to a concrete behavioral outcome that it SHOULD be related to?

45
Q

concurrent vs predictive criterion validity

A

concurrent: measure and outcome assessed at the SAME TIME
predictive: outcome assessed at a later time

46
Q

what is criterion validity typically represented with?

A

r

47
Q

convergent validity

A

does the measure strongly correlate to other measures of the same construct?

48
Q

divergent validity

A

does the measure not correlate with other measures that it shouldn’t correlate with?

49
Q

what type of relation is found in discriminant validity?

A

weak/zero relation

50
Q

what type of relation is found in convergent validity?

A

strong positive or negative relation

51
Q

a more concentrated scatterplot is convergent or divergent?

A

convergent

52
Q

a measure cannot be _______ without _______

A

valid;reliability

Intro to Psyc Research (15 decks)

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