Chapter 4 Research Ethics Flashcards
3 unethical choices in the Tuskegee example
participants were not treated respectfully, they were harmed and they were a targeted disadvantaged group
major unethical component of the Milgram obedience study
participants werent told that the “learner” was actually a research assistant faking screams and werent really receiving shocks
3 research ethics granting councils in Canada
- SSHRC: social sciences and humanities research council
- NSERC: natural sciences and engineering research council
- CIHR: canadian institute of health research
what is the tri council policy statement 2?
policy promoting the ethical treatment of people in research and providing the guidelines canadian researchers must follow when conducting research w human participants
3 core principles of TCPS2
respect for persons
concern for welfare
justice
foundation of TCPS2
value of respect for human dignity
main focus of respect for persons in research
respecting their right to choose and consent to participation, and protecting those who are vulnerable to being coerced
main focus of concern for welfare in research
the benefits should outweigh the risks and participants should not be exposed to avoidable and unnecessary risks
3 types of risks to participants
psychological, physiological and social
main focus of justice in research
treating people with fairness and equity (considering the balance between those who participate in the research and those who benefit from it)
is monetary rewards cohersion?
as long as it’s not a generally hard amount for humans to resist, no
how can researchers decide how much $$ to pay participants?
there are guidelines for payment based on # of questions
key balance when providing info to receive informed consent
reveal info that might affect the decision to participate, but try to withhold key info
why is it important to withold key info when obtaining informed consent?
to minimize reactivity and expectant effects of participants
when does informed consent need to be obtained?
BEFORE study
deception and its 2 types
not fully revealing the purposes of a study; active (commission) and passive (omission)
commission vs omission
commission: misleading participants to believe something you presented to them
omission: things administered to participants that we didnt tell them up front that we’re measuring
another word for omission
concealment
do the TCPS and APA make allowances for deception?
yes
one advantage of deception
reduces reactivity
debriefing
explaining the purposes/procedures of a study and undoing any harm (all at the end of a study)
when is debriefing especially important and why?
for deception; it alleviates its potential impact
when is debriefing required?
always
anonymity
participants cannot be identified by researchers
confidentiality
participants identity/personal info is not revealed to the public/in the reported study
in what way should data always try to be collected?
anonymously; do confidentially if anonymity impossible
what types of research require REB review (2)?
research involving living human participants and research involving human remains
what types of research MAY not require REB review (4)?
research based on publicly available info, strictly obs. in a public setting, based on secondary use of anon data, or program evals/quality assurance
data fabrication vs falsification
fabrication: inventing data that fits the hypothesis
falsification: influencing a study’s results
plagiarism
representing the ideas or words of others as one’s own
importance of replication (2)
fabricated results won’t replicate
public verification
the best practices have which 3 characteristics?
transparency
reproducibility
replicability
reproducibility vs replicability
reproducibility: reproducing identical results from the same data
replicability: replicating results generated from older data by collecting new data using similar procedures
who oversees the ethical use of animals in Canada?
Canadian Council of Animal Care
what is the ACC (research ch4)
Animal Care Committee: institutional panel that oversees all aspects of animal care and use
3 Rs of research with animals
replacement: avoid or replace the use of animals
reduction: minimize the number of animals used per experiment
refinement: minimize the pain, suffering or last harm that may be experienced by research animals
