Chapter 4 Research Ethics

Question 1

3 unethical choices in the Tuskegee example

Answer 1

participants were not treated respectfully, they were harmed and they were a targeted disadvantaged group

Question 2

major unethical component of the Milgram obedience study

Answer 2

participants werent told that the “learner” was actually a research assistant faking screams and werent really receiving shocks

Question 3

3 research ethics granting councils in Canada

Answer 3

1. SSHRC: social sciences and humanities research council
2. NSERC: natural sciences and engineering research council
3. CIHR: canadian institute of health research

Question 4

what is the tri council policy statement 2?

Answer 4

policy promoting the ethical treatment of people in research and providing the guidelines canadian researchers must follow when conducting research w human participants

Question 5

3 core principles of TCPS2

Answer 5

respect for persons
concern for welfare
justice

Question 6

foundation of TCPS2

Answer 6

value of respect for human dignity

Question 7

main focus of respect for persons in research

Answer 7

respecting their right to choose and consent to participation, and protecting those who are vulnerable to being coerced

Question 8

main focus of concern for welfare in research

Answer 8

the benefits should outweigh the risks and participants should not be exposed to avoidable and unnecessary risks

Question 9

3 types of risks to participants

Answer 9

psychological, physiological and social

Question 10

main focus of justice in research

Answer 10

treating people with fairness and equity (considering the balance between those who participate in the research and those who benefit from it)

Question 11

is monetary rewards cohersion?

Answer 11

as long as it’s not a generally hard amount for humans to resist, no

Question 12

how can researchers decide how much $$ to pay participants?

Answer 12

there are guidelines for payment based on # of questions

Question 13

key balance when providing info to receive informed consent

Answer 13

reveal info that might affect the decision to participate, but try to withhold key info

Question 14

why is it important to withold key info when obtaining informed consent?

Answer 14

to minimize reactivity and expectant effects of participants

Question 15

when does informed consent need to be obtained?

Answer 15

BEFORE study

Question 16

deception and its 2 types

Answer 16

not fully revealing the purposes of a study; active (commission) and passive (omission)

Question 17

commission vs omission

Answer 17

commission: misleading participants to believe something you presented to them
omission: things administered to participants that we didnt tell them up front that we’re measuring

Question 18

another word for omission

Answer 18

concealment

Question 19

do the TCPS and APA make allowances for deception?

Answer 19

yes

Question 20

one advantage of deception

Answer 20

reduces reactivity

Question 21

debriefing

Answer 21

explaining the purposes/procedures of a study and undoing any harm (all at the end of a study)

Question 22

when is debriefing especially important and why?

Answer 22

for deception; it alleviates its potential impact

Question 23

when is debriefing required?

Answer 23

always

Question 24

anonymity

Answer 24

participants cannot be identified by researchers

Question 25

confidentiality

Answer 25

participants identity/personal info is not revealed to the public/in the reported study

Question 26

in what way should data always try to be collected?

Answer 26

anonymously; do confidentially if anonymity impossible

Question 27

what types of research require REB review (2)?

Answer 27

research involving living human participants and research involving human remains

Question 28

what types of research MAY not require REB review (4)?

Answer 28

research based on publicly available info, strictly obs. in a public setting, based on secondary use of anon data, or program evals/quality assurance

Question 29

data fabrication vs falsification

Answer 29

fabrication: inventing data that fits the hypothesis
falsification: influencing a study’s results

Question 30

plagiarism

Answer 30

representing the ideas or words of others as one’s own

Question 31

importance of replication (2)

Answer 31

fabricated results won’t replicate
public verification

Question 32

the best practices have which 3 characteristics?

Answer 32

transparency
reproducibility
replicability

Question 33

reproducibility vs replicability

Answer 33

reproducibility: reproducing identical results from the same data
replicability: replicating results generated from older data by collecting new data using similar procedures

Question 34

who oversees the ethical use of animals in Canada?

Answer 34

Canadian Council of Animal Care

Question 35

what is the ACC (research ch4)

Answer 35

Animal Care Committee: institutional panel that oversees all aspects of animal care and use

Question 36

3 Rs of research with animals

Answer 36

replacement: avoid or replace the use of animals
reduction: minimize the number of animals used per experiment
refinement: minimize the pain, suffering or last harm that may be experienced by research animals