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Biology 2312 > Chapter 47 > Flashcards

Chapter 47 Flashcards

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1
Q

Heterotrophs are divided into what three groups on the basis of their food sources?

A

herbivores; carnivores; omnivores

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2
Q

What are herbivores?

A

animals that eat plants exclusively

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3
Q

What are carnivores?

A

animals that eat other animals

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4
Q

What are omnivores?

A

animals that eat other animals and plants

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5
Q

How do single-celled organisms and sponges digest their food?

A

intracellularly

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6
Q

Describe the digestive cavity in cnidarians and planarians.

A

digestive cavity has only one opening that serves as both a mouth and anus

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7
Q

What is a gastrovascular cavity? (2)

A

cavity with no specialization in which every cell is exposed to all stages of food digestion; found in cnidarians and planarians

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8
Q

What is the minimum feature necessary for a specialized digestive system?

A

when the digestive tract as a separate mouth and anus

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9
Q

What is another name for the digestive tract?

A

alimentary canal

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10
Q

The most primitive digestive tract is found in which organism?

A

nematodes

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11
Q

Describe the digestive tract in nematodes.

A

a tubular gut lined by an epithelial membrane

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12
Q

The second most primitive digestive tract, after those in nematodes, can be found in

A

earthworms

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13
Q

Describe the digestive tract in earthworms.

A

digestive tract is specialized in different regions for different stages of processing food

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14
Q

What is absorption, in the context of food?

A

when the products of the chemical digestion pass through the epithelial lining of the gut into the blood

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15
Q

The chemical digestion of food is what type of chemical reaction?

A

hydrolysis reaction

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16
Q

What are the initial components of the vertebrate gastrointestinal tract? (2)

A

mouth; pharynx

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17
Q

What is the common passage of the oral and nasal cavities?

A

the pharynx

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18
Q

Where does the pharynx lead to?

A

the esophagus

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19
Q

What is the esophagus and what does it do? (2)

A

muscular tube that delivers food to the stomach; some preliminary digestion occurs here

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20
Q

From the stomach, where does the food go?

A

small intestine

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21
Q

What happens in the small intestine?

A

digestive enzymes continue digestive process

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22
Q

The products of digestion in the small intestine are then

A

absorbed across the wall of the small intestine into the bloodstream, along with water + minerals

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23
Q

What’s left behind after small intestine digestion then goes to

A

the large intestine, where some remaining water and minerals are absorbed

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24
Q

In vertebrates other than mammals, the large intestine waste products go into

A

a cavity called the cloaca, which also receives products of the urinary and reproductive system

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25
Q

In mammals, where are urogenital products and fecal matter separated?

A

in the large intestine

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26
Q

What are the accessory digestive organs? (3)

A

liver; gallbladder; pancreas

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27
Q

Broadly speaking, what is the liver’s role in digestion?

A

produces bile

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28
Q

What is bile?

A

green solution that emulsifies fat

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29
Q

Broadly speaking, what is the gallbladder’s role in digestion?

A

stores and concentrates bile

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30
Q

Broadly speaking, what is the pancreas’ role in digestion?

A

produces pancreatic juice

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31
Q

What is pancreatic juice?

A

mix of digestive enzymes and bicarbonate buffer

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32
Q

What is the name for the first region of the small intestine?

A

duodenum

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33
Q

Where are bile and pancreatic juice secreted into?

A

bile and pancreatic juice are secreted into the duodenum

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34
Q

What is the name for the innermost layer of the vertebrate gastrointestinal tract?

A

mucosa

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35
Q

What is the mucosa?

A

epithelium that lines the interior (or lumen) of the tract

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36
Q

What is the next major tissue layer after the mucosa?

A

submucosa

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37
Q

What is the submucosa made of?

A

connective tissue

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38
Q

What is the next major tissue layer after the submucosa?

A

muscularis

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39
Q

What is the muscularis made of?

A

consists of a double layer of smooth muscles

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40
Q

Describe the inner layer of muscles in the muscularis. (2)

A

circular orientation; serve to constrict the gut

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41
Q

Describe the outer layer of muscles in the muscularis. (2)

A

arranged longitudinally; work to shorten the gut

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42
Q

What covers the external surface of the digestive tract?

A

serosa

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43
Q

What is the serosa?

A

epithelial tissue layer that covers the external surface of the digestive tract

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44
Q

Where are nerve networks located in the digestive tract?

A

in the submucosa

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45
Q

Describe how nerve networks are arranged in the digestive tract.

A

intertwined in plexuses between muscle layers

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46
Q

How do birds make up for their lack of teeth?

A

gizzard

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47
Q

What can be found in the gizzard?

A

small pebbles that grind up food

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48
Q

How many chambers does a bird stomach have?

A

2 chambers

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49
Q

Do carnivores have a need to chew their prey?

A

no, because digestive enzymes can act directly on animal cells

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50
Q

Carnivores have what kind of teeth?

A

pointed teeth that lack flat grinding surface

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51
Q

Herbivores have what kind of teeth?

A

flat teeth with complex ridges suited for grinding

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52
Q

How many salivary glands are there in humans?

A

three pairs of salivary glands

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53
Q

How does the saliva enter the mouth?

A

by traveling through ducts in the mouth’s mucosal lining

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54
Q

Saliva contains what hydrolytic enzyme?

A

salivary amylase

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55
Q

What does salivary amylase do?

A

initiates breakdown of starch into maltose

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56
Q

What is the constant flow of saliva when the mouth is empty?

A

1/2 mL per minute – necessary to keep mouth moist

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57
Q

What triggers saliva secretion? (3)

A

presence of food in mouth; taste buds; olfactory neurons

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58
Q

What are the most potent saliva stimuli?

A

acidic solutions like lemon juice (increases saliva secretion 8x)

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59
Q

Swallowing is what kind of action?

A

initiated by voluntary control, continued under involuntary control

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60
Q

In mammals, the process of swallowing begins when

A

the soft palate elevates

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61
Q

What happens when the soft palate elevates? (3)

A

pushback against wall of pharynx; nasal cavity sealed off; swallowing reflex triggered

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62
Q

What triggers the swallowing reflex?

A

pushing back against the pharynx

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63
Q

What is the larynx?

A

voice box

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64
Q

How is food directed into the esophagus instead of the respiratory tract? (2)

A

motor neurons stimulate the raising of the larynx; glottis is pushed against epiglottis which blocks off trachea

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65
Q

What connects the pharynx and stomach?

A

esophagus

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66
Q

What is a bolus?

A

processed lump of food that is moved through the esophagus down to the stomach

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67
Q

How long is the esophagus in adult humans?

A

25 cm

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68
Q

What portions of the esophagus are devoted to voluntary and involuntary control? (2)

A

upper third has skeletal muscle for voluntary control; lower two-thirds has smooth muscle for involuntary control

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69
Q

What are peristalsis?

A

rhythmic, one-directional waves of muscular contractions that move food along the esophagus to the stomach

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70
Q

How are peristalsis useful?

A

enable vertebrates to swallow even if they are upside down

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71
Q

T/F: peristalsis are bi-directional

A

false, peristalsis are one-directional

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72
Q

What muscle controls the movement of food from the esophagus to the stomach?

A

sphincter

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73
Q

A sphincter is made of

A

a ring of circular smooth muscle

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74
Q

A sphincter opens in response to

A

pressure exerted by food

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75
Q

Contraction of a sphincter results in

A

food being blocked from the stomach and going back up the esophagus

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76
Q

Give two examples of animals that cannot regurgitate.

A

rodents; horses

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77
Q

Describe the sphincter in rodents and horses.

A

a true sphincter that prevents food from going back up the esophagus

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78
Q

Do humans have a true sphincter?

A

no, humans lack a true sphincter

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79
Q

What is the stomach?

A

saclike portion of the digestive tract with a highly convoluted inner surface

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80
Q

Why is the highly convoluted inner surface in the stomach important?

A

enables it to fold up when empty and expand as it fills with food

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81
Q

What is the volume of the human stomach when empty?

A

50 mL

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82
Q

What is the volume of the human stomach when full?

A

2 to 4 L

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83
Q

In the stomach, food being churned is mixed with

A

gastric juice

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84
Q

What is gastric juice?

A

an acidic secretion

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85
Q

What secretes gastric juice?

A

tubular gastric glands of the mucosa

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86
Q

The exocrine glands of the mucosa contain what three kinds of secretory cells?

A

mucus-secreting cells; parietal cells; chief cells

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87
Q

What do parietal cells do?

A

secrete HCl

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88
Q

What do chief cells do?

A

pepsinogen

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89
Q

Which cells secrete HCl?

A

parietal cells

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90
Q

Which cells secrete pepsinogen?

A

chief cells

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91
Q

What is pepsinogen?

A

inactive form of pepsin, a protease

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92
Q

How is pepsinogen converted into pepsin?

A

HCl causes pepsinogen to unfold and helps remove the 44 amino acids blocking pepsinogen’s active site

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93
Q

Why is it necessary for pepsinogen to first be inactive?

A

to prevent the chief cells from digesting themselves

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94
Q

What is the purpose of mucus secretions in the stomach?

A

prevents the interior walls from being digested

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95
Q

In addition to producing HCl, the parietal cells also produce

A

intrinsic factor

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96
Q

What is intrinsic factor?

A

polypeptide needed for the intestinal reabsorption of vitamin B12

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97
Q

Vitamin B12 is needed for the production of which cells?

A

red blood cells

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98
Q

People who lack sufficient intrinsic factor develop

A

a type of anemia called pernicious anemia

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99
Q

The human stomach produces about how much HCl/other gastric secretions per day?

A

2 L

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100
Q

What is the pH of the HCl solution produced daily by the stomach?

A

2

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101
Q

How many more times is gastric juice more acidic than blood?

A

250k more times

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102
Q

What does active pepsin do?

A

hydrolyzes food proteins into shorter polypeptides that aren’t fully digested until entering the small intestine

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103
Q

What is chyme?

A

mixture of partially digested food and gastric juice

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104
Q

What is the only type of molecule digested in the stomach?

A

only proteins are digested in the stomach; carbs and fats aren’t digested in the stomach

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105
Q

The acidic solution of the stomach kills

A

bacteria that are ingested with food

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106
Q

Overproduction of gastric acid can lead to

A

a hole through the wall of the stomach, resulting in a peptic ulcer

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107
Q

Peptic ulcers result from

A

overproduction of gastric acid

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108
Q

The cause of peptic ulcers is now thought to be because of

A

the bacterium Heliocobacter pylori

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109
Q

How does H. pylori survive in the face of acidic pH?

A

it secretes substances that buffer the pH of its surroundings

110
Q

An infection by H. pylori can result in

A

weakened mucosal layer in the stomach, allowing acidic secretions to attack the underlying epithelium

111
Q

Chyme passes through the _____ on the way from the stomach to the small intestine.

A

pyloric sphincter

112
Q

Which molecules are absorbed through the wall of the stomach itself? (3)

A

water from chyme; aspirin; alcohol

113
Q

Efficient digestion requires that what amounts of chyme be passed from the stomach to the small intestine at any one time?

A

only relatively small amounts of chyme are introduced at a time

114
Q

What is the length of the small intestine in a living person?

A

4.5 m long

115
Q

What is the length of the small intestine at autopsy when all muscles are relaxed?

A

6 m long

116
Q

The duodenum comprises what portion of the small intestine?

A

the first 25 cm

117
Q

The remainder of the small intestine is divided into

A

the jejunum and the ileum

118
Q

What are the three divisions of the small intestine?

A

duodenum; jejunum; ileum

119
Q

The duodenum receives inputs from what three organs?

A

acidic chyme from stomach; digestive enzymes and bicarbonate from pancreas; bile from liver and gallbladder

120
Q

The digestion of food cleaved by pancreatic juice primarily occurs in

A

the jejunum/ileum

121
Q

What are villi?

A

fingerlike projections that cover the epithelial wall of the small intestine

122
Q

What are microvilli?

A

foldings of the plasma membrane that cover each villus

123
Q

What is another name for the epithelial wall of the small intestine?

A

brush border

124
Q

In addition to absorption, microvilli also participate in

A

digestion

125
Q

Brush border enzymes include enzymes that

A

hydrolyze lactose and sucrose

126
Q

Lactose intolerance happens because

A

some adult humans lose the ability to produce the brush border enzyme lactase

127
Q

Which enzymes start and complete the digestive process?

A

start - salivary amylase; end - brush border enzymes

128
Q

Pancreatic fluid is secreted into the duodenum via

A

the pancreatic duct

129
Q

The pancreas is what kind of gland?

A

exocrine gland

130
Q

Pancreatic fluid contains which enzymes? (4)

A

trypsin; chymotrypsin; pancreatic amylase; lipase

131
Q

What do trypsin and chymotrypsin do?

A

digest proteins

132
Q

What does pancreatic amylase do?

A

digests starch

133
Q

What does lipase do?

A

digests fat

134
Q

When secreted into the duodenum, the enzymes of pancreatic fluid are in what state?

A

inactive state - activated by trypsin

135
Q

What digests proteins and carbohydrates?

A

brush border enzymes

136
Q

What is the purpose of bicarbonate in pancreatic fluid?

A

neutralizes the HCl from the stomach and gives the chyme in the duodenum a slightly alkaline pH

137
Q

What are acini?

A

clusters of secretory cells that produce digestive enzymes and bicarbonate

138
Q

How does the pancreas function as an endocrine gland?

A

secretes hormones into the blood that control blood levels of glucose

139
Q

Endocrine-produced hormones from the pancreas are secreted by

A

islets of Langerhans

140
Q

What is the largest internal organ of the body?

A

the liver

141
Q

How much does the liver weigh?

A

1.5 kg

142
Q

Give three examples of roles the liver serves.

A

detoxification; protein synthesis; glycogen storage

143
Q

Alcoholism leads to

A

cirrhosis

144
Q

What is the main exocrine secretion of the liver?

A

bile

145
Q

What is bile made of?

A

fluid mixture consisting of bile pigments and bile salts; mixture is delivered into duodenum during digestion of a meal

146
Q

T/F: bile pigments participate in digestion.

A

false, bile pigments don’t participate in digestion

147
Q

What are bile pigments?

A

waste products resulting from liver’s destruction of RBCs

148
Q

How are bile pigments excreted?

A

with feces

149
Q

What happens in jaundice?

A

when the excretion of bile pigments in the liver is blocked, pigments accumulate in the blood and cause a yellow staining of tissues

150
Q

What role do bile salts play in digestion?

A

bile salts disperse large drops of fat into a fine suspension of smaller droplets, which results in a greater surface area for lipase enzymes

151
Q

What structural features allow bile salts to prepare fats for enzymatic digestion?

A

bile salts are partially lipid-soluble and partially water-soluble

152
Q

The arrival of fatty food in the duodenum stimulates what reflex?

A

a neural and endocrine reflex that causes the gallbladder to contract and release bile

153
Q

Bile travels from the gallbladder to the duodenum via

A

the common bile duct

154
Q

What are gallstones?

A

hardened precipitates of cholesterol

155
Q

What forms of transport are used for amino acids and monosaccharides?

A

combination of active transport and facilitated diffusion

156
Q

What forms of transport are used to transport glucose?

A

coupled transport with Na+ ions (secondary active transport)

157
Q

What forms of transport are used for fructose?

A

facilitated diffusion

158
Q

The blood carries products of digestion from the intestine to the liver via

A

the hepatic portal vein

159
Q

What is the first organ to receive most of the products of digestion (other than fat)?

A

the liver

160
Q

How are the products of fat digestion absorbed? (5)

A

fats are hydrolyzed; diffuse into epithelial cells; reassembled into triglycerides; combine with proteins to form chylomicrons; absorbed into lymphatic capillaries

161
Q

What are chylomicrons?

A

the combination of a protein and a re-assembled triglyceride

162
Q

What amount of fluid passes through the small intestine very day?

A

9 L

163
Q

How much feces leaves the body?

A

50 g solid and 100 mL liquid

164
Q

What is the normal fluid absorption efficiency of the human digestive tract?

A

99%

165
Q

What is another name for the large intestine?

A

colon

166
Q

What portion of the digestive tract does the large intestine occupy?

A

last meter

167
Q

What are the two vestigial structures found at the junction of the small and large intestines?

A

cecum; appendix

168
Q

T/F: digestion takes place in the large intestine

A

FALSE, no digestion occurs in the large intestine

169
Q

What is the function of the large intestine?

A

to absorb water, remaining electrolytes, and products of bacterial metabolism (including vitamin K)

170
Q

Describe the sphincters that control feces passage through the anus. (2)

A

first is composed of smooth muscle and opens involuntarily in response to pressure inside the rectum; second made of striated muscle is under voluntary control

171
Q

Can animals digest cellulose?

A

no, they lack the enzymes necessary, but the digestive tracts can have bacteria that can digest it

172
Q

Which have longer digestive tracts, herbivores or carnivores?

A

herbivores

173
Q

How many chambers are in a ruminant’s stomach?

A

four

174
Q

What are the four chambers in the ruminant’s stomach?

A

reticulum, rumen, omasum, abomasum (true stomach)

175
Q

What happens in the rumen?

A

serves as a fermentation vat where bacteria convert cellulose into other molecules

176
Q

What is rumination?

A

regurgitating and chewing cud

177
Q

What is the purpose of rumination?

A

breaks tougher fiber in the diet into smaller particles

178
Q

After chewing, what happens to cud?

A

passed into the omasum and then onto the abomasum, where it’s mixed with gastric juice and digested

179
Q

Which type of animal has a simple stomach and a large cecum?

A

nonruminant herbivore

180
Q

Which type of animal has a four-chambered stomach?

A

ruminant herbivore

181
Q

Which type of animal has a short intestine and no cecum?

A

insectivore

182
Q

Which type of animal has a short intestine/colon and a small cecum?

A

carnivore

183
Q

In most mammals, where are lysozymes primarily found?

A

sailva and tears

184
Q

How are lysozymes modified in ruminants and langurs?

A

they digest bacteria in the stomach

185
Q

In animals like rabbits and horses, how is cellulose digested?

A

by microorganisms in the cecum

186
Q

What is coprophagy?

A

eating nutrient-packed feces which allows the animal to absorb nutrients provided by microorganisms in the cecum

187
Q

What synthesizes vitamin K?

A

intestinal bacteria

188
Q

When food arrives in the stomach, proteins in the food stimulate the release of what hormone?

A

gastrin, a stomach hormone, that in turn stimulates the secretion of pepsinogen and HCl

189
Q

What are enterogastrones?

A

hormones that mediate stomach/gastric inhibition

190
Q

What are the three major enterogastrones?

A

cholecystokinin (CCK); secretin; gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP)

191
Q

What is the strongest stimulus for CCK and GIP secretions?

A

chyme with a high fat content

192
Q

Chyme with a high fat content stimulates which hormones?

A

CCK and GIP

193
Q

Increasing chyme acidity stimulates the release of which hormone?

A

secretin

194
Q

All three of the enterogastrones inhibit what specific function?

A

gastric motility (a.k.a. churning action)

195
Q

What role does CCK play in addition to gastric inhibition?

A

stimulates increased pancreatic secretions of digestive enzymes and gallbladder contractions

196
Q

What role does secretin play in addition to gastric inhibition?

A

stimulate the pancreas to release more bicarbonate

197
Q

What was the first hormone ever discovered?

A

secretin

198
Q

What is the source of CCK/GIP/secretin?

A

duodenum

199
Q

CCK and GIP are stimulated by

A

fatty chyme in the duodenum

200
Q

Secretin is stimulated by

A

acidic chyme in the duodenum

201
Q

Which hormone is structurally similar to gastrin?

A

CCK

202
Q

What is the source of gastrin?

A

pyloric portion of stomach

203
Q

The liver converts ammonia into

A

urea

204
Q

The liver converts steroid hormones into

A

less active and more water-soluble forms

205
Q

What produces most of the proteins found in the blood plasma?

A

the liver

206
Q

What is edema?

A

when fluid accumulates in the tissues

207
Q

From where do the neurons in the brain get their energy?

A

aerobic respiration of glucose obtained from the blood plasma

208
Q

What stimulates the storage of glycogen?

A

insulin (beta cells)

209
Q

What is glycogenolysis?

A

breakdown of liver glycogen

210
Q

What stimulates the breakdown of glycogen?

A

glucagon (alpha cells)

211
Q

What is gluconeogenesis?

A

when the liver converts other molecules like amino acids/lactic acid into glucose

212
Q

What is the basal metabolic rate (BMR)?

A

minimum rate of energy consumption under defined resting conditions

213
Q

The intake of food calories is measured in

A

kilocalories

214
Q

Food intake is under what control?

A

neuroendocrine control

215
Q

The satiety factor is produced by

A

the adipose tissue

216
Q

What is leptin?

A

a peptide hormone that controls energy sensing, food intake, and energy expenditure

217
Q

Leptin is produced by

A

the adipose tissue

218
Q

How are insulin levels affected by fasting and obesity?

A

fall with fasting, rise with obesity

219
Q

GIP and CCK seem to function like leptin and insulin in that

A

they send the same kind of inhibitory signals to the brain

220
Q

What does ghrelin do?

A

stimulates food intake and has receptors in the hypothalamus

221
Q

Ghrelin levels appear to ____ before feeding

A

ghrelin levels appear to rise before feeding

222
Q

What are the two brain neuropeptides implicated in feeding control?

A

neuropeptide Y (NPY) and alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (a-MSH)

223
Q

What does NPY do?

A

induces feeding activity

224
Q

What does a-MSH do?

A

suppresses feeding activity

225
Q

What stimulates the production/release of a-MSH?

A

leptin

226
Q

What are essential nutrients?

A

essential nutrients an animal can’t manufacture itself

227
Q

Humans require how many vitamins?

A

13

228
Q

Humans require how many amino acids”

A

9

229
Q

What is the function of vitamin A? (2)

A

used in making visual pigments; maintaining epithelial tissues

230
Q

What is the source of vitamin A? (3)

A

green vegetables; milk products; liver

231
Q

What are the deficiency symptoms of vitamin A? (2)

A

night blindness; flaky skin

232
Q

What is the function of vitamin B1?

A

coenzyme in CO2 removal during cellular respiration

233
Q

What is the source of vitamin B1? (3)

A

meats; grains; legumes

234
Q

What are the deficiency symptoms of vitamin B1?

A

Beriberi; weakening of heart; edema

235
Q

What is another name for vitamin B2?

A

riboflavin

236
Q

What is the function of vitamin B2?

A

part of coenzymes FAD and FMN

237
Q

What are the deficiency symptoms of vitamin B2? (2)

A

inflammation and breakdown of skin; eye irritation

238
Q

What is another name for vitamin B3?

A

niacin

239
Q

What is the function of vitamin B3?

A

part of coenzymes NAD+ and NADP+

240
Q

What is the source of vitamin B3? (3)

A

liver; lean meats; grains

241
Q

What are the deficiency symptoms of vitamin B3? (3)

A

pellagra; inflammation of nerves; mental disorders

242
Q

What is another name for vitamin B5?

A

pantothenic acid

243
Q

What is the function of vitamin B5?

A

part of coenzyme A

244
Q

What are the deficiency symptoms of vitamin B3? (2)

A

fatigue; loss of coordination

245
Q

What is another name for vitamin B6?

A

pyridoxine

246
Q

What is the function of vitamin B6?

A

coenzyme in many phases of amino acid metabolism

247
Q

What is the source of vitamin B6? (3)

A

cereals; vegetables; meats

248
Q

What are the deficiency symptoms of vitamin B6? (3)

A

anemia; convulsions; irritability

249
Q

What is another name for vitamin B12?

A

cyanocobalamin

250
Q

What is the function of vitamin B12?

A

coenzyme in production of nucleic acids

251
Q

What is the source of vitamin B12? (2)

A

red meats; dairy products

252
Q

What are the deficiency symptoms of vitamin B6?

A

pernicious anemia

253
Q

What is the function of biotin?

A

coenzyme in fat synthesis and amino acid metabolism

254
Q

What is the source of biotin? (2)

A

meats; vegetables

255
Q

What are the deficiency symptoms of biotin? (2)

A

depression, nausea

256
Q

What is the function of folic acid?

A

coenzyme in amino acid and nucleic acid metabolism

257
Q

What is the source of folic acid?

A

green vegetables

258
Q

What are the deficiency symptoms of folic acid? (2)

A

anemia, diarrhea

259
Q

What is the function of vitamin C? (4)

A

forms collagen/cementum of bone/teeth/connective tissue

260
Q

What is the source of vitamin C?

A

fruit, green leafy vegetables

261
Q

What are the deficiency symptoms of vitamin C? (2)

A

scurvy; breakdown of skin/blood vessels

262
Q

What is another name for vitamin D?

A

calciferol

263
Q

What is the function of vitamin D?

A

increases absorption of calcium and promotes bone formation

264
Q

What is the source of vitamin D?

A

dairy products, cod liver oil

265
Q

What are the deficiency symptoms of vitamin D? (2)

A

rickets; bone deformities

266
Q

What is another name for vitamin E?

A

tocopherol

267
Q

What is the function of vitamin E?

A

protects fatty acids and cell membranes from oxidation

268
Q

What is the source of vitamin E? (3)

A

margarine; seeds; green leafy vegetables

269
Q

What is the function of vitamin K?

A

essential to blood clotting

270
Q

What is the source of vitamin K?

A

green leafy vegetables

271
Q

What are the deficiency symptoms of vitamin K?

A

severe bleeding

Biology 2312 (11 decks)

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