Chapter 45

Question 1

Hormones

Answer 1

Long Distance Regulators

Question 2

Intercellular Communication

Answer 2

he transfer of information from one cell to another

Question 3

Endocrine Signaling

Answer 3

the signaling molecules (hormones) are secreted by specialized endocrine cells and carried through the circulation to act on target cells at distant body sites.

Question 4

Paracrine Signaling

Answer 4

Often, cells that are near one another communicate through the release of chemical messengers (ligands that can diffuse through the space between the cells). This type of signaling, in which cells communicate over relatively short distances

Question 5

Autocrine Signaling

Answer 5

form of cell signaling in which a cell secretes a hormone or chemical messenger that binds to autocrine receptors on that same cell,

Question 6

Synaptic Signaling

Answer 6

Neurons communicate at synapses, or junctions, to excite or inhibit the activity of other neurons or target cells, such as muscles.

Question 7

Synaptic Signaling

Neurotransmitters

Answer 7

endogenous chemicals that allow neurons to communicate with each other throughout the body.

Question 8

Synaptic Signaling

Neurohormones

Answer 8

any hormone produced and released by neuroendocrine cells into the blood

Question 9

Polypeptides

Answer 9

A protein molecule is made from a long chain of these amino acids, each linked to its neighbor through a covalent peptide bond

Question 10

Amines

Answer 10

a class of compounds derived from ammonia (NH3) by replacement of one, two, or three hydrogens to yield primary, secondary, and tertiary amines, respectively.

Question 11

Steroid Hormones

Answer 11

The steroids that are made almost exclusively in the adrenal glands are cortisol, 11-deoxycortisol, aldosterone, corticosterone, and 11-deoxycorti-costerone. Most other steroid hormones, including the estrogens, are made by the adrenal glands and the gonads

Question 12

Cellular Response Pathways

Cellular Response

Answer 12

1. Reception
2. Transduction
3. Response

Question 13

Signal Transduction Pathway

Epinephrine

Answer 13

both a neurotransmitter and a hormone. It plays an important role in your body’s “fight-or-flight” response.

Question 14

Feedback Regulation

Answer 14

Negative and Positive feedback regulation (insulin and glucagon from the pancreas)

Question 15

Diabetes Mellitus

Answer 15

metabolic disease, involving inappropriately elevated blood glucose levels

Question 16

Hypothalamus

Answer 16

an area of the brain that produces hormones that control: Body temperature. Heart rate. Hunger. Mood.

Question 17

Pituitary (Anterior)

Answer 17

a small, pea-sized gland located at the base of your brain below your hypothalamus. Growth and sexual/reproductive development and function. Glands (thyroid gland, adrenal glands, and gonads) Organs (kidneys, uterus, and breasts)

Question 18

Thyroid Regulation

Answer 18

Regulation of thyroid hormone starts at the hypothalamus. The hypothalamus releases thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) into the hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal system to the anterior pituitary gland. TRH stimulates thyrotropin cells in the anterior pituitary to release thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)