Chapter 45 Flashcards
Hormones and the Endocrine System
Hormones
Long Distance Regulators
Intercellular Communication
he transfer of information from one cell to another
Endocrine Signaling
the signaling molecules (hormones) are secreted by specialized endocrine cells and carried through the circulation to act on target cells at distant body sites.
Paracrine Signaling
Often, cells that are near one another communicate through the release of chemical messengers (ligands that can diffuse through the space between the cells). This type of signaling, in which cells communicate over relatively short distances
Autocrine Signaling
form of cell signaling in which a cell secretes a hormone or chemical messenger that binds to autocrine receptors on that same cell,
Synaptic Signaling
Neurons communicate at synapses, or junctions, to excite or inhibit the activity of other neurons or target cells, such as muscles.
Synaptic Signaling
Neurotransmitters
endogenous chemicals that allow neurons to communicate with each other throughout the body.
Synaptic Signaling
Neurohormones
any hormone produced and released by neuroendocrine cells into the blood
Polypeptides
A protein molecule is made from a long chain of these amino acids, each linked to its neighbor through a covalent peptide bond
Amines
a class of compounds derived from ammonia (NH3) by replacement of one, two, or three hydrogens to yield primary, secondary, and tertiary amines, respectively.
Steroid Hormones
The steroids that are made almost exclusively in the adrenal glands are cortisol, 11-deoxycortisol, aldosterone, corticosterone, and 11-deoxycorti-costerone. Most other steroid hormones, including the estrogens, are made by the adrenal glands and the gonads
Cellular Response Pathways
Cellular Response
- Reception
- Transduction
- Response
Signal Transduction Pathway
Epinephrine
both a neurotransmitter and a hormone. It plays an important role in your body’s “fight-or-flight” response.
Feedback Regulation
Negative and Positive feedback regulation (insulin and glucagon from the pancreas)
Diabetes Mellitus
metabolic disease, involving inappropriately elevated blood glucose levels
Hypothalamus
an area of the brain that produces hormones that control: Body temperature. Heart rate. Hunger. Mood.
Pituitary (Anterior)
a small, pea-sized gland located at the base of your brain below your hypothalamus. Growth and sexual/reproductive development and function. Glands (thyroid gland, adrenal glands, and gonads) Organs (kidneys, uterus, and breasts)
Thyroid Regulation
Regulation of thyroid hormone starts at the hypothalamus. The hypothalamus releases thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) into the hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal system to the anterior pituitary gland. TRH stimulates thyrotropin cells in the anterior pituitary to release thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
