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Biology > Chapter 44&45, 46 > Flashcards

Chapter 44&45, 46 Flashcards

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0
Q

What is semelparity

A

Species that reproduce a single time and then die.

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1
Q

What is population ecology

A

The study of biological factors that affect the sizes of populations.

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2
Q

What is iteroparity

A

Species that produce offspring repeatedly over time.

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3
Q

What is community ecology?

A

The study of an assemblage of populations of various species living close enough for potential interaction.

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4
Q

What are types of a communities interactions

A

Competition, predation, herbivory, symbiosis and disease.

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5
Q

What is the ecological niche

A

The total of an organism’s use of the biotic and abiotic resources in its environment.

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6
Q

What is interspecific competition

A

When species compete for a resource that is in short supply

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7
Q

What is the competitive exclusion principle

A

Two species competing for the same limiting resources cannot coexist in the same place.

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8
Q

What is resource partitioning

A

Differentiation of niches that enable similar species to coexist in a community.

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9
Q

What would cause a species’ fundamental niche to be different from its realized niche

A

Competition.

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10
Q

What is an ecosystem

A

The biotic community of organisms in an area plus the abiotic environment affecting the community.

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11
Q

Ecosystems ecology is concerned with the ___

A

Movement of energy and materials through organisms and their communities.

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12
Q

What is a trophic level

A

A feeding level in a chain.

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13
Q

What forms the base of the food chain

A

Primary producers.

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14
Q

What are detritivores?

A

Decomposers.

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15
Q

What does chain length refer to

A

The number of links between the trophic levels involved.

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16
Q

What does the second law of thermodynamics say

A

Energy conversions are not 100% efficient and some energy is lost in the transfer.

17
Q

How does the pyramid of numbers work

A

Number of individuals decreases at each trophic level. Or can be inverted.

18
Q

Describe DDT’s solubility

A

Low in water, high in fats.

19
Q

What is the gross primary productivity

A

The amount of carbon fixed during photosynthesis.

20
Q

R= what

A

energy lost in plant cellular respiration.

21
Q

What is the Net primary productivity

A

The GPP-R. Gross primary productivity - energy lost in respiration. THe amount of energy available to primary consumers. Measured in calories.

22
Q

What is secondary production

A

A gain in the biomass of heterotrophs and decomposers.

23
Q

What is Liebig’s law of the minimum.

A

Species biomass or abundance is limited by the scarcest factor.

24
Q

In terrestrial systems, what three things affect primary production.

A

Precipitation, temperature, nutrients.

25
Q

In aquatic ecosystems, primary productivity is mainly limited by what

A

Light and nutrient availability.

26
Q

Where is primary productivity the highest

A

In tropical rainforests.

27
Q

Why are coral reefs high in marine production

A

Temperature and light are high.

28
Q

The absorption of chemicals by living organisms and their subsequent release back into the environment is

A

Biological Transport Mechanisms.

29
Q

Weathering and erosion of rocks, and elements transported by surface and subsurface drainage is the

A

Geological transport mechanisms.

30
Q

Dissolved matter in rain and snow, atmospheric gases, and dust blown by the wind

A

Chemical transport mechanisms.

31
Q

Where is the main amount of phosphorus located

A

The earth’s crust.

32
Q

How is phosphorus released into the soil

A

Weathering and erosion of rocks.

33
Q

What is the limiting element in most aquatic systems.

A

Phosphorus.

34
Q

What is eutrophication.

A

Elevated nutrient levels lead to an overgrowth of algae and depletion of water oxygen levels.

35
Q

How much of the earth’s CO2 is removed by plants

A

1/7

36
Q

What are limestone deposits formed from

A

Carbon incorporated into shells of marine organisms.

37
Q

What do volcanoes and hot springs release

A

Carbon

38
Q

What makes up 78% of the earth’s atmosphere

A

Nitrogen. N2

39
Q

Why is nitrogen a limiting nutrient.

A

It is an essential component of proteins, nucleic acids and chlorophyll.

40
Q

What are the five parts to the nitrogen cycle

A

Nitrogen fixation, Nitrification, Assimilation, Ammonification, Denitrification.

41
Q

How is acid rain formed.

A

Burning fossil fuels that releases nitrogen oxides.

Biology (12 decks)

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