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Biology > Chapter 42 > Flashcards

Chapter 42 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
0
Q

What does ethology focus on

A

Specific genetic and physiological mechanisms of behavior

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1
Q

What is the definition of behavior

A

The observable response of organisms to internal or external stimuli

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2
Q

What is an example of a proximate cause?

A

Change in day length

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3
Q

What is an example of an ultimate cause?

A

Effect on reproductive success

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4
Q

what is the definition of fitness

A

Reproductive success

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5
Q

In innate behavior, what does the releaser do?

A

Initiates behavior

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6
Q

How does egg rolling response in geese affect fitness and why?

A

Improves fitness because it increases survival of young

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7
Q

Habituation results in what

A

Organism ignoring repeated stimulus

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8
Q

Habituation is a form of what type of learning

A

nonassociative learning. – Decrease in response to stimulus due to repetition.

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9
Q

What is the definition of associative learning.

A

Association develops between stimulus and response.

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10
Q

What are the two types of associative learning?

A

Classical and Operant Conditioning

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11
Q

Define classical conditioning

A

An involuntary response becomes associated positively or negatively with a stimulus that did not originally elicit the response

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12
Q

Name an example of classical conditioning

A

Pavlov’s dogs.

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13
Q

What is operant conditioning also known as

A

Trial and error learning

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14
Q

In operant conditioning, an animal’s behavior is _______

A

reinforced by a consequence

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15
Q

What is the critical period in animals

A

A time when animals develop species-specific patterns of behavior.

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16
Q

How is imprinting a combination of innate and environmental behavior

A

Innate ability to imprint, environmental stimulus that is imprinted. Such as a mother goose or a human.

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17
Q

In what organisms is chemical communication common in?

A

Canines, felines and social insects.

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18
Q

At what times of day does sound carry the farthest?

A

At dawn and dusk.

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19
Q

Why are female birds less likely to use auditory communication to attract males

A

Because sound can attract predators.

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20
Q

At what elevation does sounds travel best?

A

Farther away from the ground.

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21
Q

In the waggle dance performed by a bee, what does the angle of the waggle to the vertical orientation of the honeycomb correspond with?

A

The angle of the food source from the sun.

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22
Q

how does living in groups reduce predation

A

Increased vigilance and protection in numbers.

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23
Q

What is the many eyes hypothesis

A

Individuals in groups spend less time looking for predators and can increase feeding time.

24
Q

What is the selfish herd hypothesis

A

Each individual is less likely to be eaten when in larger groups.

25
Q

payoff is the ____

A

Amount of energy gained by eating minus amount of energy spent catching prey.

26
Q

Groups increase in size past optimal pay off until ____

A

they near pay off for individuals, there is no point in joining group.

27
Q

A territory is_____

A

fixed area in which an individual excludes other members of the species.

28
Q

What is the primary benefit of having a territory

A

Exclusive access to a resource.

29
Q

What predicts territory size

A

The optimality theory. Maximize benefits and reduce costs.

30
Q

In the game theory, what role do hawks play

A

Always fight to win, but risk energy.

31
Q

In the game theory, what do ‘doves’ do

A

Display but retreat before injury.

32
Q

How is a stable equilibrium met in hawk/dove game

A

When there is a mixture of both in a population.

33
Q

Hawk behavior increases as ____

A

payoff increases.

34
Q

altruism is what type of behavior

A

behavior that benefits others at a cost to self.

35
Q

Kin selection is

A

acts of self sacrifice that promote the spread of an organism’s genes.

36
Q

What is the coefficient of relatedness

A

Probability that any two individuals will share a copy of a particular gene is ‘r’

37
Q

What is inclusive fitness

A

Designates the total number of copies of genes passed on through relatives or offspring.

38
Q

Kin selection results in

A

Lowered individual’s fitness but enhances reproductive success of relatives.

39
Q

What is hamilton’s rule

A

Coefficient of relatedness x Benefit to recipient is greater than the cost incurred by donor.

40
Q

What is the most extreme form of altruism

A

Sterile castes in social insects.

41
Q

What is eusociality

A

When workers(females) help queen raise offspring.

42
Q

What is haplodiploidy.

A

Females are diploid, males are haploid. So females are more related to their sisters than their own offspring.

43
Q

What is the only known eusocial mammal

A

Naked mole rats.

44
Q

What is fisher’s principle

A

Natural selection favors production of the rarer sex so that the sex ration is balanced.

45
Q

What is the more common mating system

A

Promiscuity.

46
Q

What is polygyny

A

One male with a harem of females.

47
Q

Polyandry is

A

One female mating with several males.

48
Q

In monogamy males and females are generally

A

are generally similar in body size and appearance.

49
Q

What is the mate guarding hypothesis

A

Males stay with a female to protect her from being fertilized by others.

50
Q

Mate assistance hypothesis is the____

A

belief that males remain with females to help them rear offspring

51
Q

What percentage of birds have both sexes contributing as parents?

A

70%

52
Q

Polygyny is associated with what type of parental care

A

Uniparental care of young.

53
Q

What is resource based polygyny

A

Patchy distribution of resource and female visits of resource.

54
Q

What is the harem mating structure

A

Females naturally congregate and male controls area.

55
Q

What is communal courting.

A

Males display in a lek, females mate after display.

56
Q

How common is polyandry

A

Rare.

57
Q

Name three examples of polyandry

A

Golden orb weaver, spotted sandpiper, pipefish.

Biology (12 decks)

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