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Principles of Biology II > Chapter 41 Excretory System > Flashcards

Chapter 41 Excretory System Flashcards

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1
Q

The process of filtration from the capillaries into Bowman’s capsule is driven by _____.

A

blood pressure

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2
Q

During filtration in the kidney, which of the following is least likely (under normal circumstances) to enter Bowman’s capsule from the bloodstream?

A

plasma proteins

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3
Q

Nitrogenous waste products such as urea are derived from the metabolic breakdown of _____.

A

proteins

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4
Q

The hormone erythropoietin is released by the kidney ____.

A

in response to low levels of oxygen in blood

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5
Q

True or False: Animals must regulate solutes and water in their body fluids.

A

True

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6
Q

Osmoregulation (Osmotic Regulation)

A

controls concentration of solutes

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7
Q

Ionic Regulation

A

controls ions in body fluids

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8
Q

Volume Regulation

A

regulation of the total amount of water in a body fluid

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9
Q

What is an example of volume regulation in humans?

A

regulating blood volume

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10
Q

What do the regulation processes in excretory systems rely on?

A

osmosis

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11
Q

Osmosis

A

diffusion of water

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12
Q

Is water a solute or solvent?

A

solvent

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13
Q

Examples of Osmotic Fluids

A
  • plasma
  • cytosol
  • interstitial fluid
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14
Q

True or False: Water and molecules will NOT diffuse across semipermeable membranes.

A

false

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15
Q

What are the three main water/solute balance functions of the excretory systems?

A
  • get rid of excess salts
  • conserve solutes
  • get rid of excess (or conserve) water
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16
Q

Hypotonic Solution

A
  • less solute in the solution and more solute in the cell
  • causes the cell to inflate
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17
Q

What is the direction of water movement in a hypotonic solution?

A

water is flowing into the cell

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18
Q

Isotonic Solution

A

the solute concentration is the same both inside and outside the cell

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19
Q

What is the direction of water movement in an isotonic solution?

A

water flows in and out of the cell simultaneously

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20
Q

Hypertonic Solution

A
  • more solute is in the solute than inside the cell
  • causes the cell to shrivel
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21
Q

What is the direction of water movement in a hypertonic solution?

A

water flows out of the cell

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22
Q

True or False: Animals are either osmoregulators or osmoconformers.

A

true

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23
Q

Can animals be both osmoregulators and osmoconformers?

A

YES

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24
Q

Osmoregulator

A

animals that maintain osmolarity that is appropriate for that animal

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25
Q

Osmoconformer

A

have internal osmolarity that changes with the environment

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26
Q

Salt Glands

A

bundles of secretory tubules with arterioles and veins

27
Q

What is the function of salt glands?

A

remove excess salt from the body and allow conservation of water

28
Q

Rectal Gland

A

salt gland in sharks that is connected to the digestive system

29
Q

Do humans have salt glands?

A

NO

30
Q

What are the 2 metabolic wastes in the excretory system?

A

nitrogenous wastes and CO2 and water

31
Q

Nitrogenous Wastes

A

end products of protein and nucleic acid metabolism

32
Q

CO2 and Water Wastes

A

end products of carbohydrate and fat metabolism

33
Q

What is the functional unit of a kidney?

A

nephron

34
Q

Kidney

A

main excretory organ that produces urine

35
Q

Ureter

A

carries urine to bladder

36
Q

Bladder

A

storage site for urine

37
Q

Bowman’s Capsule

A

surrounds the glomerulus and helps store urine

38
Q

Glomerulus

A

ball of capillaries in the kidney

39
Q

Loop of Henle

A

part of tubule that dips into medulla

40
Q

What does the collecting duct do in the kidney?

A

concentrates urine

41
Q

What are the three processes that nephrons are involved with?

A
  • filtration
  • secretion
  • reabsorption
42
Q

Where does filtration occur in the nephron?

A

Bowman’s capsule

43
Q

What is filtered out of the nephron?

A

water and solutes

44
Q

What stays in the blood during filtration?

A

proteins and blood cells

45
Q

What happens to filtration rate if blood pressure increases?

A

filtration rate will speed up and more urine will be produced

46
Q

What is filtration similar to?

A

a coffee maker

47
Q

Reabsorption in Nephrons

A

conserves water, ions, and other molecules

48
Q

What is likely to be reabsorbed in nephrons?

A

glucose

49
Q

Secretion in Nephrons

A

active pumping of molecules into tubule

50
Q

What is likely to be secreted from the kidney?

A

urea, extra wastes

51
Q

What do kidneys do when it comes to pH?

A

kidneys regulate pH of extracellular fluids

52
Q

What are the major buffers in the blood with kidneys and pH?

A

bicarbonate ions

53
Q

The more CO2 in the blood, the more ____ because reaction moves right.

A

hydrogen ions (H+)

54
Q

How do kidneys raise pH?

A

by removing hydrogen ions and returning bicarbonate

55
Q

What does low blood pressure cause in the excretory system?

A

secretion of renin

56
Q

What does renin cause?

A

secretion of angiotensin

57
Q

What does angiotensin cause?

A

secretion of aldosterone

58
Q

Angiotensin

A

stimulates thirst

59
Q

Aldosterone

A

increases sodium reabsorption to help conserve water

60
Q

Renin

A

raises blood pressure

61
Q

What does an antidiuretic hormone do?

A

makes the body conserve water

62
Q

When is an antidiuretic hormone released?

A

in response to dehydration

63
Q

True or False: Osmoregulators have internal solute concentrations that change as environmental solute concentrations change.

A

False

Principles of Biology II (7 decks)

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