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Principles of Biology II > Chapter 40 Circulatory System > Flashcards

Chapter 40 Circulatory System Flashcards

1
Q

Where is hemoglobin found?

A

red blood cells

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2
Q

Plasma

A

fluid portion of blood

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3
Q

Characteristics of Hemoglobin

A
  • tetrameric
  • contains 4 hemes
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4
Q

True or False: All animals have a circulatory system.

A

False

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5
Q

True or False: In mammals, deoxygenated blood is kept separate from oxygenated blood due to the presence of two circuits.

A

True

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6
Q

In the human heart, blood is pumped from the left ventricle into the ____.

A

aorta

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7
Q

In mammals, blood in the pulmonary vein is ___.

A

oxygenated

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8
Q

True or False: Cardiac muscles are striated.

A

True

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9
Q

Most of the CO2 (carbon dioxide) in the blood _____.

A

has been converted to bicarbonate and dissolved in plasma

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10
Q

In mammals (ie humans), oxygen is primarily transported in the blood _____.

A

bound to hemoglobin in red blood cells

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11
Q

True or False: Oxygen binds to the iron that is found in the heme group of hemoglobin.

A

True

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12
Q

What are the 3 components of the circulatory system?

A
  • pump (heart)
  • fluid (blood)
  • tubes (blood vessels)
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13
Q

Function of the Circulatory System

A

carries nutrients, gases, and metabolic wastes around the body

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14
Q

2 Types of Circulatory Systems

A

open and closed

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15
Q

Does an open circulatory system contain a heart?

A

YES

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16
Q

What is another word for blood in open circulatory systems?

A

hemolymph

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17
Q

Is there a distinction between blood and extracellular fluid in open circulatory systems?

A

NO

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18
Q

What does hemolymph do in open circulatory systems?

A

bathes cells directly by being emptied into cavities and coming into direct contact with tissues

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19
Q

True or False: Blood is in the vessels in closed circulatory systems.

A

True

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20
Q

Examples of Animals with Closed Circulatory Systems

A
  • vertebrates
  • annelids
  • cephalopods
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21
Q

True or False: The heart is more muscular in a closed circulatory system.

A

True

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22
Q

What is the blood separate from in closed circulatory systems?

A

intersitital fluid

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23
Q

What animals lack a circulatory system?

A
  • sponges
  • some invertebrates
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24
Q

Why do some animals lack a circulatory system?

A
  • low metabolic rates
  • short diffusion distances
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25
Why do larger and more active animals need a circulatory system?
- higher metabolic waste - cannot get nutrients via diffusion - Extracellular fluid is where cells get nutrients and dump wastes
26
What are the two types of extracellular fluid in animals with closed circulatory systems?
- plasma in the system itself - interstitial fluid between cells
27
3 Advantages of Having a Closed Circulatory System
- fluid moves more quickly - blood flow can be controlled - specialized cells and molecules aid in transport
28
Do all closed circulatory systems have the same structure?
NO
29
Steps of Blood Flow in a Closed Circulatory System
1) Right Ventricle 2) Pulmonary Artery 3) Lungs 4) Pulmonary Vein to Left Atrium 5) Left Ventricle 6) Aorta 7 and 8) Tissues 9 and 10) Inferior and Superior Vena Cava 11) Right Atrium
30
A cardiac cycle is one ___.
contraction and relaxation
31
True or False: Both sides of the heart contract at the same time.
True
32
What contracts first, the ventricles or the atria?
atria
33
Systole
contract
34
Diastole
relaxation
35
What is the function of valves in hearts and veins?
prevent backwards blood flow
36
Cardiac Diastole
all chambers are relaxed and the blood flows into the heart
37
Atrial Systole, Ventricular Diastole
atria contract, pushing blood into the ventricles
38
Atrial Diastole, Ventricular Systole
after the atria relax, the ventricles contract, pushing blood out of the heart
39
Pacemaker Cells
initiate action potentials in the heart
40
True or False: Input is required from the nervous system for action potentials in the heart.
False
41
Where is the pacemaker located?
sinoatrial node of the right atrium
42
Characteristics of the Atrioventricular Node
- where electrical signal passes to get to the ventricles - slows down the electrical signal to give atria time to contract
43
Purkinje Fibers
conducting fibers
44
Where does the heartbeat originate?
the valves opening and closing in the cardiac muscle
45
What is the function of intercalated discs in cardiac muscle?
enable the coordinated function of the heart cells to allow the heart to beat
46
Which blood vessel is the smallest?
capillaries
47
Which kind of blood vessel has the largest cross sectional area?
capillaries
48
Which blood vessel has the highest blood pressure?
Arteries
49
Which blood vessel class has the lowest blood pressure?
veins
50
Which blood vessel has the lowest velocity?
capillaries
51
What does the size of the tube in blood vessels determine?
how fast the blood is moving
52
True or False: Arteries and veins are the largest blood vessels.
True
53
Where does the exchange of gases, nutrients, etc. occur in the circulatory system?
capillaries
54
Why is slow blood flow important to tissues receiving nutrients, gases, etc?
slow blood flow allows more time for things to move in and out of the bloodstream
55
Blood is a type of _______ tissue.
connective
56
Hematocrit
volume of blood composed of cells
57
What does hematocrit include?
red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets
58
What is another word for red blood cells?
Erythrocytes
59
Where are red blood cells produced?
bone marrow
60
What controls the production of red blood cells?
Erythropoetin
61
Erythropoetin
hormone produced by the kidney in response to hypoxia
62
Hypoxia
low blood oxygen
63
What do red blood cells contain?
hemoglobin
64
Where are red blood cells broken down and stored?
spleen
65
Leukocytes are involved with ___.
immune responses
66
Characteristics of Leukocytes (White Blood Cells)
- destroy foreign cells and pathogens - produce antibodies - involved in allergic reactions
67
Platelets are invovled with ___.
clotting
68
Platelets
cell fragments
69
Where do platelets come from?
megakaryocytes
70
Megakaryocyte
large cell that stays in bone marrow
71
Trace of Electrical Signal Through the Heart
- 1) Starts in pacemaker - 2) electrical impulse travels through atria - 3) electrical impulse travels through atrioventricular node - 4) impulse travels through purkinje fibers - 5) ventricular contraction starts at apex

Principles of Biology II (7 decks)

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