Chapter 39 Respiratory System

Question 1

True or False: Respiratory gases (e.g., oxygen and carbon dioxide) rely on transport proteins to cross cell membranes.

Answer 1

False

Question 2

What are the important respiratory gases?

Answer 2

oxygen and carbon dioxide

Question 3

What is oxygen used for in cells?

Answer 3

production of ATP

Question 4

What organelle uses oxygen?

Answer 4

mitochondria

Question 5

What biochemical pathway uses oxygen?

Answer 5

electron transport chain

Question 6

How is carbon dioxide produced?

Answer 6

citric acid cycle

Question 7

What organelle produces carbon dioxide?

Answer 7

mitochondria

Question 8

How do gases enter and leave the body?

Answer 8

diffusion

Question 9

2 Requirements of a Respiratory Surface

Answer 9

• large surface area
• short diffusion distance

Question 10

What drives the diffusion of gases?

Answer 10

partial pressure gradients

Question 11

Partial Pressure

Answer 11

hypothetical pressure of that gas if it alone occupied the volume of the mixture at the same temperature

Question 12

Does gas diffusion require active transport?

Answer 12

NO

Question 13

Which has more oxygen: air or water?

Answer 13

air

Question 14

What medium does oxygen diffuse easily: air or water?

Answer 14

air

Question 15

What takes more energy to move: air or water?

Answer 15

water

Question 16

Do all animals have specialized gas exchange structures?

Answer 16

YES

Question 17

Pharynx leads to ___.

Answer 17

trachea

Question 18

Trachea branches into ___.

Answer 18

bronchi

Question 19

Bronchi branch into ___.

Answer 19

bronchioles

Question 20

Bronchioles end at ___.

Answer 20

alveoli

Question 21

Where does gas exchange occur in mammalian lungs?

Answer 21

alveoli

Question 22

Structure of Alveoli

Answer 22

• very thin walls
• blood vessels surround the walls

Question 23

How do gases enter and leave alveoli?

Answer 23

blood passes through the capillaries next to the cell of alveolus

Question 24

Function of Diaphragm

Answer 24

contracts to cause inhalation

Question 25

Tide Flow

Answer 25

the volume of air moved into or out of the lungs during a normal breath

Question 26

How is breathing regulated? What is it controlled by?

Answer 26

- controlled by brain stem and medulla - pons help regulate

Question 27

What will an increase of firing of motor neurons cause?

Answer 27

inhalation of lungs

Question 28

What will an decrease of firing of motor neurons cause?

Answer 28

exhalation of lungs

Question 29

What does the medulla contain?

Answer 29

respiratory motor neurons

Question 30

What types of receptors monitor oxygen and carbon dioxide?

Answer 30

chemoreceptors

Question 31

Where are chemoreceptors found in respiratory system?

Answer 31

surface of medulla and surface of arteries leaving the heart

Question 32

What does the surface of the medulla do?

Answer 32

monitor carbon dioxide in cerebrospinal fluid

Question 33

What do the arteries do in the respiratory system?

Answer 33

- pick up oxygen levels - sends signals to medulla - will change breathing levels at extreme altitude, low blood volume, low blood pressure

Question 34

How is most of the oxygen transported in vertebrates?

Answer 34

red blood cells

Question 35

Is there any oxygen dissolved in plasma?

Answer 35

YES, very little

Question 36

Is carbon dioxide highly soluble in blood?

Answer 36

YES

Question 37

How is carbon dioxide transported in blood?

Answer 37

as bicarbonate

Question 38

What is the function of carbonic anhydrase?

Answer 38

Catalyze the reaction between CO2 and water into carbonic acid.

Question 39

True or False: The diaphragm is composed of voluntary smooth muscle.

Answer 39

False

Question 40

As temperature increases, solubility of oxygen in water ____.

Answer 40

decreases

Question 41

Oxygen is used by ____, and carbon dioxide is produced by ____.

Answer 41

electron transport chain....citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle, tricarboxylic acid cycle)

Question 42

The movement of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the blood in the tissue capillaries and the cells depends most directly upon ____.

Answer 42

diffusion of respiratory gases down a partial pressure gradient

Question 43

Some relatively large multicellular aquatic animals lack a circulatory system and are able to manage gas exchange by ____.

Answer 43

having short diffusion distances from the external aquatic environment to their cells

Question 44

Emergency medical technicians (EMTs) suspect that a victim of a serious accident has suffered an injury to the brainstem because his breathing has continued but is irregular. Specifically, which part of the brain is the likely location of where the injury occurred?

Answer 44

Pons

Question 45

Receptors that respond to levels of oxygen in the blood are an example of a ___.

Answer 45

chemoreceptor