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Principles of Biology II > Chapter 39 Respiratory System > Flashcards

Chapter 39 Respiratory System Flashcards

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1
Q

True or False: Respiratory gases (e.g., oxygen and carbon dioxide) rely on transport proteins to cross cell membranes.

A

False

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2
Q

What are the important respiratory gases?

A

oxygen and carbon dioxide

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3
Q

What is oxygen used for in cells?

A

production of ATP

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4
Q

What organelle uses oxygen?

A

mitochondria

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5
Q

What biochemical pathway uses oxygen?

A

electron transport chain

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6
Q

How is carbon dioxide produced?

A

citric acid cycle

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7
Q

What organelle produces carbon dioxide?

A

mitochondria

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8
Q

How do gases enter and leave the body?

A

diffusion

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9
Q

2 Requirements of a Respiratory Surface

A
  • large surface area
  • short diffusion distance
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10
Q

What drives the diffusion of gases?

A

partial pressure gradients

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11
Q

Partial Pressure

A

hypothetical pressure of that gas if it alone occupied the volume of the mixture at the same temperature

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12
Q

Does gas diffusion require active transport?

A

NO

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13
Q

Which has more oxygen: air or water?

A

air

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14
Q

What medium does oxygen diffuse easily: air or water?

A

air

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15
Q

What takes more energy to move: air or water?

A

water

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16
Q

Do all animals have specialized gas exchange structures?

A

YES

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17
Q

Pharynx leads to ___.

A

trachea

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18
Q

Trachea branches into ___.

A

bronchi

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19
Q

Bronchi branch into ___.

A

bronchioles

20
Q

Bronchioles end at ___.

A

alveoli

21
Q

Where does gas exchange occur in mammalian lungs?

A

alveoli

22
Q

Structure of Alveoli

A
  • very thin walls
  • blood vessels surround the walls
23
Q

How do gases enter and leave alveoli?

A

blood passes through the capillaries next to the cell of alveolus

24
Q

Function of Diaphragm

A

contracts to cause inhalation

25
Q

Tide Flow

A

the volume of air moved into or out of the lungs during a normal breath

26
Q

How is breathing regulated? What is it controlled by?

A
  • controlled by brain stem and medulla
  • pons help regulate
27
Q

What will an increase of firing of motor neurons cause?

A

inhalation of lungs

28
Q

What will an decrease of firing of motor neurons cause?

A

exhalation of lungs

29
Q

What does the medulla contain?

A

respiratory motor neurons

30
Q

What types of receptors monitor oxygen and carbon dioxide?

A

chemoreceptors

31
Q

Where are chemoreceptors found in respiratory system?

A

surface of medulla and surface of arteries leaving the heart

32
Q

What does the surface of the medulla do?

A

monitor carbon dioxide in cerebrospinal fluid

33
Q

What do the arteries do in the respiratory system?

A
  • pick up oxygen levels
  • sends signals to medulla
  • will change breathing levels at extreme altitude, low blood volume, low blood pressure
34
Q

How is most of the oxygen transported in vertebrates?

A

red blood cells

35
Q

Is there any oxygen dissolved in plasma?

A

YES, very little

36
Q

Is carbon dioxide highly soluble in blood?

A

YES

37
Q

How is carbon dioxide transported in blood?

A

as bicarbonate

38
Q

What is the function of carbonic anhydrase?

A

Catalyze the reaction between CO2 and water into carbonic acid.

39
Q

True or False: The diaphragm is composed of voluntary smooth muscle.

A

False

40
Q

As temperature increases, solubility of oxygen in water ____.

A

decreases

41
Q

Oxygen is used by ____, and carbon dioxide is produced by ____.

A

electron transport chain….citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle, tricarboxylic acid cycle)

42
Q

The movement of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the blood in the tissue capillaries and the cells depends most directly upon ____.

A

diffusion of respiratory gases down a partial pressure gradient

43
Q

Some relatively large multicellular aquatic animals lack a circulatory system and are able to manage gas exchange by ____.

A

having short diffusion distances from the external aquatic environment to their cells

44
Q

Emergency medical technicians (EMTs) suspect that a victim of a serious accident has suffered an injury to the brainstem because his breathing has continued but is irregular. Specifically, which part of the brain is the likely location of where the injury occurred?

A

Pons

45
Q

Receptors that respond to levels of oxygen in the blood are an example of a ___.

A

chemoreceptor

Principles of Biology II (7 decks)

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