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Principles of Biology II > Chapter 38 Musculoskeletal System > Flashcards

Chapter 38 Musculoskeletal System Flashcards

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1
Q

The powerstroke in muscle cells occurs when ___.

A

inorganic phosphate is released from myosin

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2
Q

True or False: Skeletal muscle cells produce action potentials.

A

True

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3
Q

When a muscle cell is stimulated to contract, the sarcoplasmic reticulum releases ____.

A

calcium ions

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4
Q

____ is the protein that physically blocks the myosin binding sites on the thin filaments.

A

trompomyosin

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5
Q

Which of the following types of muscles has(have) contractile proteins organized into sarcomeres and are striated muscles?

A

cardiac and skeletal

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6
Q

The “tubes of protein” that are bundles of the contractile proteins found in striated muscle are called ____.

A

thin filaments

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7
Q

How do muscle fibers shorten during contraction?

A

Two types of protein filaments overlap and slide past each other.

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8
Q

What muscle type is voluntary?

A

skeletal

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9
Q

Skeletal systems are important for ___.

A

movement

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10
Q

The striated appearance of muscle is due to the ____.

A

organization of the sarcoplasmic reticulum

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11
Q

True or False: Muscles can contract and relax.

A

True

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12
Q

What needs to happen with muscles in order for movement to occur?

A

they need something to pull on

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13
Q

What are bone and cartilage part of?

A

endoskeletons

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14
Q

3 Types of Skeletons

A
  • hydrostatic
  • exoskeleton
  • endoskeleton
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15
Q

Hydrostatic Skeleton

A

formed by a fluid-filled compartment within the body

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16
Q

Exoskeleton

A

external skeleton on the surface of the animal

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17
Q

Example of an Animal with an Exoskeleton

A

arthropods (spiders)

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18
Q

Endoskeleton

A

hard mineralized structures within soft tissues

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19
Q

Primitive endoskeletons include spicules of ___.

A

sponges

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20
Q

coelom

A

fluid-filled body cavity

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21
Q

What are muscles responsible for?

A

tissue movement

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22
Q

True or False: All animals have muscle.

A

False

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23
Q

What animals do NOT have muscle?

A

sponges and cnidarians

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24
Q

3 Types of Muscle

A
  • skeletal
  • cardiac
  • smooth
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25
Q

Characteristics of Skeletal Muscle

A
  • voluntary and involuntary movement of breathing
  • contain sarcomeres
  • multinucleated
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26
Q

Characteristics of Cardiac Muscle

A
  • heart contraction; involuntary
  • contains sarcomeres and intercalated discs
  • branched
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27
Q

Characteristics of Smooth Muscle

A
  • involuntary
  • movement in gut, bladder, and blood vessels
  • do not contain sarcomeres
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28
Q

How do non-striated muscles differ from striated muscles?

A

the presence of sarcomeres

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29
Q

Myofibril

A

tightly packed filament bundles

30
Q

Myocyte

A

muscle cell

31
Q

Muscle fiber

A

muscle cell

32
Q

Are skeletal muscle cells multinucleated?

A

YES

33
Q

Characteristics of a Sarcomere

A
  • unit of contraction
  • these units repeat
34
Q

What are thick filaments made of?

A

myosin

35
Q

What are thin filaments made of?

A

actin

36
Q

2 Types of Contractile Proteins

A

actin and myosin

37
Q

Sliding Filament Theory

A

filaments slide past each other whenever contraction occurs

38
Q

The length of the sarcomere is related to ___.

A

how much force can be produced

39
Q

Is length related to overlap in the sarcomere?

A

YES

40
Q

Too much overlap ___.

A

nowhere for the myosin to move the actin

41
Q

Too little overlap ___.

A

myosin can’t grab actin

42
Q

Neuromuscular Junction

A

point of contact between a motor neuron and a skeletal muscle cell

43
Q

Motor Unit

A

a motor neuron and all of the muscle fibers it innervates

44
Q

Motor Neuron

A

a neuron that sends an impulse to a muscle

45
Q

Can a motor neuron terminate on multiple muscle cells?

A

YES

46
Q

Sarcoplasmic Reticulum

A

endoplasmic reticulum inside a muscle cell

47
Q

Sarcoplasmic reticulum stores ___.

A

calcium

48
Q

Where does depolarization start in muscle cells?

A

ligand gated channels

49
Q

What ion enters into a skeletal muscle cell to create and action potential?

A

Na+ (sodium)

50
Q

What does the action potential in a muscle cell cause to be released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum?

A

calcium

51
Q

Characteristics of Myosin

A
  • multiple subunits
  • place of ATPase activity
52
Q

Characteristics of Actin Filament

A
  • actin monomers
  • myosin binding site
53
Q

2 Types of Regulatory Proteins in Muscles

A

tropomyosin and troponin

54
Q

Characteristics of Troponin

A
  • binds calcium ions
  • interacts with tropomyosin
55
Q

Tropomyosin

A

blocks myosin binding site

56
Q

What is released to cause a powerstroke in muscle contraction?

A

phosphate

57
Q

What is rigor?

A

stiffening due to death of muscle

58
Q

What does calcium bind to?

A

troponin

59
Q

When calcium bind to troponin, what does troponin do?

A

the troponin reveals the myosin binding site by removing tropomyosin

60
Q

What causes myosin to release actin?

A

ATP binding to the myosin

61
Q

What causes the myosin head to cock forward?

A

ATP being broken down into ADP

62
Q

Characteristics of Slow-Twitch Muscle Cells

A
  • red, oxidative fibers
  • aerobic
  • has many mitochondria
  • contains myoglobin
63
Q

Characteristics of Fast-Twitch Muscle Cells

A
  • white, glycolytic fibers
  • anaerobic
  • fewer mitochondria
  • do NOT contain myoglobin
64
Q

The neurotransmitter _____ binds to receptors in plasma membrane of a muscle cell to stimulate contraction.

A

Acetylcholine

65
Q

What is the role of calcium ions in the control of muscle contraction?

A

it bind to troponin to stimulate contraction

66
Q

Which muscle protein hydrolyzes ATP to stimulate muscle contraction?

A

myosin

67
Q

A pair of closely related bird species includes one that migrates long distances that takes months and another that has evolved near-flightlessness on its island home, with the exception of short flights to escape its predators. What might you expect to find when comparing the breast muscles that are used for flight of these two species?

A

The migratory species would have relatively higher levels of myoglobin.

68
Q

When animals die, the lack of ATP causes muscles to stiffen in rigor mortis because ____.

A

Actin and myosin cannot separate from each other without ATP

69
Q

Examine the picture below. This capillary could be in a____. This is because ___.

A

skeletal muscle…. carbon dioxide is diffusing from the tissue labeled 1 into the plasma

70
Q

True or False: When a muscle cell shortens, the amount of overlap between the thick and thin filament decreases.

A

False

Principles of Biology II (7 decks)

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