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Anatomy & Physiology > Chapter 4 - Tissue Level of Organization > Flashcards

Chapter 4 - Tissue Level of Organization Flashcards

1
Q

Cell junctions

A

contact points between plasma membranes of tissue cells

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2
Q

Tight junctions

A

web like proteins, sew cells together, prevent leakage

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3
Q

Types of cell junctions

A

tight junctions, adherens, desmosomes, hemidesmosomes, gap junctions

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4
Q

Gap junctions

A

connexons (tunnels) connect neighboring cells, cells separated by intercellular gap (common in cardiac muscle tissue)

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5
Q

Tissue

A

group of similar cells that perform specific functions

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6
Q

Tissue types

A

epithelial, connective, muscular, nervous

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7
Q

Epithelial tissue

A

located on surface of skin, free surfaces on body

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8
Q

Epithelium

A

closely packed cells arranged in continuous sheets, avascular/own nerve supply, reproduce readily

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9
Q

Basement membrane

A

basal lumina and reticular lumina

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10
Q

Covering and lining epithelium

A

forms outer covering of body, lines body cavities and some internal organs

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11
Q

Simple (single layer) functions

A

diffusion, osmosis, secretion, excretion, absorption, filtration

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12
Q

Stratified (multiple layer) function

A

protection

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13
Q

Shape of cells

A

squamous (thin, flat cells), cuboidal, columnar

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14
Q

Glandular epithelium

A

cells lie in clusters deep to covering and lining epithelium, produce secretions

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15
Q

Endocrine gland

A

secretions (hormones) enter interstitial fluid and diffuse directly into bloodstream without flowing into a duct

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16
Q

Exocrine gland

A

cells produce a secretion into a duct system that empties directly on surface of body or into a cavity

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17
Q

Structural classification of exocrine glands

A

unicellular/multicellular, simple vs. compound (duct branched), tubular vs. acinar (round), vs. tubuloacinar

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18
Q

Merocrine

A

vesicles, most glands of this type

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19
Q

Apocrine

A

pinched off portion of cell is secretion

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20
Q

Holocrine

A

mature cells die/become secretions

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21
Q

Connective tissue

A

most abundant tissue, derived from mesenchyme, vascular/good nerve supply

22
Q

Functions of connective tissue

A

protection, support and binding, insulation, transportation

23
Q

Connective tissue composition

A

cells and extracellular matrix

24
Q

Extracellular matrix

A

composed of ground substance and fibers, what cell bathes in

25
Q

Osteoblast

A

immature cell (make ECM)

26
Q

Osteocyte

A

mature cells

27
Q

Fibroblasts

A

secretes substances of extracellular matrix

28
Q

Defensive cells

A

macrophages, white blood cells, most cells, plasma cells

29
Q

Adipocytes

A

fat cells, store energy through triglycerides

30
Q

Ground substance

A

supports cells and binds them together, stores water, proteins, and carbohydrates

31
Q

Fibers

A

strengthen and support matrix

32
Q

Collagen

A

strength, lack in collagen can lead to Ehlers Danlos Syndrome

33
Q

Elastic

A

elasticity/stretch

34
Q

Reticular

A

support, lymph nodes and spleen

35
Q

Types of mature connective tissue

A

loose connective tissue, dense connective tissue, cartilage

36
Q

Loose connective tissue

A

areolar, adipose, reticular

37
Q

Dense connective tissue

A

regular (same order), irregular (different directions), elastic (lungs, arteries)

38
Q

Cartilage

A

avascular/no nerves, chondrocytes in lacunae, ground substance of chondroitin sulfate, perichondrium covers surface

39
Q

Types of cartilage

A

hyaline, elastic, fibrocartilage

40
Q

Hyaline

A

most abundant, support, reduces friction, absorbs shock, weakest

41
Q

Elastic

A

strength and elasticity

42
Q

Fibrocartilage

A

strongest, lacks perichondrium

43
Q

Types of muscle tissue

A

skeletal, cardiac, smooth

44
Q

Skeletal muscle

A

voluntary, striated, multinucleated, attached to bone

45
Q

Cardiac muscle

A

involuntary, striated, uninucleated, intercalated discs, heart

46
Q

Smooth muscle

A

involuntary, no striations, uninucleated, spindle-shaped cells, found in walls of hallow organs

47
Q

Intercalated discs

A

part of gap junction, allow spreading of electricity fast

48
Q

Neurons

A

nerve cells, cannot reproduce

49
Q

Neuroglia

A

“mother” of neurons, can reproduce/multiply

50
Q

Neuronal cell structure

A

cell body, axon, dendrites

Anatomy & Physiology (9 decks)

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