Chapter 4: Psychosocial development, play, peer relationships and parenting Flashcards
What stage/conflict in Erikson’s theory of development corresponds to Preschool years (approx age 3-6)?
The conflict between initiation and guilt.
- This is the age that the child will go out and explore the world, but they need support from their parents and allowance to do so. If the conflict is dealt with at this stage, the child will have a higher self-esteem and high independence. If the stage is not dealt with, then the child will face guilt and shame
What 5 factors can you observe from children if you asked them what they thought about themselves?
- confusion of the self, body and mind
- concrete descriptions describing themselves
- Physical descriptions (tall, short, big, “5 years old”)
- Active descriptions
- Unrealistic positive overestimation
at what age do children start to play with same sex playmates and at what ages does it peak?
starts at 3 years old and peaks from 4-12 years old
What features does the social-cognitive theory of gender look at?
gender identity, gender schema, cognitive developmental theory of Kohlberg and gender consistency (is understood after schema)
At what age do friendships form?
age 3
What is the trend of peer relationships during development?
- Among preschoolers –> association that exists between activities and another individual being there
- Primary school children –> friendship is based on shared experiences and happiness
- Late childhood and adolescence —> friendship is based on trust, communication, intimacy and friend’s traits
- the trend goes from more concrete, to more psychological and operational definition of friendship (fits with piaget)
What are two types of individual/non-social play?
- Functional play (age 3) –> pushing toys, doing simple repetitive tasks
- Constructive play –> playing in order to build something or produce something (i.e. lego)
What are 4 types of SOCIAL play?
- Parallel play: children are playing in the same area doing the same thing but not talking or socializing with one another
- On-looker play: children are in the same area and are watching other children play and learning through observation (learning norms)
- Associative Play: doing different tasks in the same area but sharing stuff with one another and have some type of interaction between 2 or more children
- Co-operating play: collaboration working together and trying to achieve a goal
What 2 dimensions does Baumrind’s parenting style depend on?
- Levels of responsiveness (how parent is responsible for the emotional and overall needs of child)
- Levels of Demand (how much the parent expects out of the child)
What is authoritative parenting?
authoritative parenting is high levels of demand and high levels of responsiveness –> children tend to be well-mannered, cheerful, self controlled and achievement oriented..
What is Authoritarian parenting?
High levels of demand and low levels of responsiveness –> children tend to be dependent, hostile, poor social skills, fearful
What is Permissive parenting?
Low levels of demand and high levels of responsiveness –> children tend to be rude, impolite, non-compliant
What is uninvolved parenting?
Low levels of demand and low levels of responsiveness –> detached emotionally..form of neglect… disrupted emotional development, unloved feelings and physical and cognitive development decreases.
What are Piaget’s stages of Moral development
- Heteronomous morality –> 4-7 years of age. rules are rigid and individualized
- Incipient cooperation –> 7-10 years of age. Games with rules are socialized and a “right” way of playing develops, however hard to change the rules from the “right”
- Autonomous cooperation stage –> 10 and up. Games with rules can be modified any time if all players agree and it is implemented in social settings with law.
What are two types of agression
Instrumental agression: stems from desire to reach a concrete goal
Relational agression: non-physical aggression that is intended to hurt someone emotionally
