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Anatomy & Physiology 1 > Chapter 4 power point > Flashcards

Chapter 4 power point Flashcards

1
Q

how are tissues classified?

A

Tissue classification is based on structure of cells, composition of noncellular extracellular matrix, and cell function

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2
Q

what is a biopsy and autopsy?

A

Biopsy: removal of tissues for diagnostic purposes
Autopsy: examination of organs of a dead body to determine cause of death

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3
Q

what are the 3 germ layers?

A

endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm

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4
Q

what is the endoderm?

A

Inner layer

Forms lining of digestive tract and derivatives

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5
Q

what is the mesoderm?

A

Middle layers

Forms tissues as such muscle, bone, blood vessels

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6
Q

what is the ectoderm?

A

Outer layer

Forms skin and nervous tissue

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7
Q

Extracellular

A

formed by secretions of both epithelium and connective tissue.

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8
Q

Acellular

A

“glue”
Attachment to C.T.
Guides cell migration during tissue repair
Acts as a filter in the nephron of the kidney

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9
Q

what are the functions of epithelial tissue?

A

Protecting underlying structures; e.g., epithelium lining the mouth

Acting as barriers; e.g., skin

Permitting the passage of substances; e.g., nephrons in kidney

Secreting substances; e.g., pancreas

Absorbing substances; e.g., lining of small intestine

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10
Q

simple epithelial

A

one layer of cells. Each extends from basement membrane to the free surface

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11
Q

stratified epithelial

A

more than one layer. Shape of cells of the apical layer used to name the tissue. Includes transitional epithelium where the apical cell layers change shape depending upon distention of the organ which the tissue lines

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12
Q

Pseudostratified epithelial

A

tissue appears to be stratified, but all cells contact basement membrane so it is in fact simple

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13
Q

what are the shapes of epithelial cells?

A

Shape of cells
Squamous- flat, scale-like
Cuboidal- about equal in height and width
Columnar- taller than wide

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14
Q

what are the functions of simple epitheial

A

Simple: allows diffusion of gases, filtration of blood, secretion, absorption

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15
Q

what are the functions of stratified squamous epithelial

A

Stratified: protection, particularly against abrasion in skin, mouth, throat, esophagus, anus, and vagina

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16
Q

what are the functions of squamous epitihelial

A

Squamous: allows diffusion or acts as filter

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17
Q

what are the functions of cuboidal and columnar

A

Cuboidal and Columnar: secretion or absorption. May include goblet cells that produce and secrete mucus

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18
Q

what can be on the surface of epithelial cells?

what are the functions?

A

Microvilli: increase surface area for absorption or secretion
Stereocilia: elongated microvilli for sensation and absorption
Cilia: move materials across the surface

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19
Q

where are cell connections found?

A

Found on lateral and basal surfaces of cells

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20
Q

what are the functions of cell connections?

A

Form permeability layer
Bind cells together
Provide mechanism for intercellular communication

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21
Q

what is a Hemidesmosomes? what does it do?

A

half of a desmosome; attach epithelial cells to basement membrane.

22
Q

what is the difference between exocrine and endocrine, concerning ducts.

A

endcrine does not have ducts, exocrine has ducts

23
Q

what are the glands structures?

A

Unicellular: goblet cells
Multicellular: branched, alveolar; pancreas/alveolar sacs of the lungs

24
Q

what are the functions of CT

A

Enclose organs as a capsule and separate organs into layers
Connect tissues to one another. Tendons and ligaments.
Support and movement. Bones.
Storage. Fat.
Cushion and insulate. Fat.
Transport. Blood.
Protect. Cells of the immune system.

25
Q

What are the cells of CT?

A

Specialized cells produce the extracellular matrix

26
Q

Blasts

A

Blasts: create the matrix, example osteoblast

27
Q

Cytes

A

Cytes: maintain the matrix, example chondrocyte

28
Q

Clasts

A

Clasts: break the matrix down for remodeling, example osteoclasts

29
Q

Adipose CT

A

fat cells (adipocytes). Common in some tissues (dermis of skin); rare in some (cartilage)

30
Q

mast cells ct

A

Common beneath membranes; along small blood vessels. Can release heparin, histamine, and proteolytic enzymes in response to injury.

31
Q

White blood cells

A

(leukocytes). Respond to injury or infection

32
Q

Macrophages

A

Phagocytize or provide protection
Fixed: stay in position in connective tissue
Wandering: move by amoeboid movement through the connective tissue

33
Q

platelets

A

Fragments of hematopoietic cells involved in clotting.

34
Q

Undifferentiated mesenchyme

A

(stem cells). Have potential to differentiate into adult cell types

35
Q

collagen

A

Collagen. Most common protein in body; strong, flexible, inelastic

36
Q

reticular

A

Reticular. Fill spaces between tissues and organs. Fine collagenous, form branching networks

37
Q

elastic

A

Elastic. Returns to its original shape after distension or compression. Contains molecules of protein elastin that resemble coiled springs; molecules are cross-linked

38
Q

what are 3 protein fibers?

A

collagen, elastic, and reticular

39
Q

loose ct

A

Loose (areolar). Collagenous fibers are loosely arranged, connects skin to muscle

40
Q

dense ct

A

Dense. Fibers form thick bundles that nearly fill all extracellular space, tendons connect muscle to bone

41
Q

Tendons

A

Tendons: Connect muscles to bones;fibers are not necessarily parallel

42
Q

ligaments

A

Ligaments: Connect bones to bones. Collagen often less compact, usually flattened, form sheets or bands

43
Q

free surfaces of epithelial cells can be

A

smooth or folded

44
Q

what does a smooth surface do?

A

reduce firction

45
Q

what do the folds do on the surface of epithelium?

A

Folds: in transitional epithelium where organ must be able to change shape.

46
Q

Hyaluronic acid:

A

polysaccharide. Good lubricant. Vitreous humor of eye, joints

47
Q

Proteoglycans

A

protein and polysaccharide. Protein part attaches to hyaluronic acid. Trap large amounts of water..

48
Q

Adhesive molecules

A

hold proteoglycan aggregates together.

49
Q

Chondronectin

A

in cartilage, osteonectin in bone, fibronectin in fibrous connective tissue.

50
Q

mucus

A

Mucus: found only in the umbilical cord. Wharton’s jelly.

Anatomy & Physiology 1 (14 decks)

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