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Anatomy & Physiology 1 > ch6 > Flashcards

ch6 Flashcards

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1
Q

Main functions of the skeleton

A
  1. Supports the body
  2. Organ protection
  3. Produces blood cells
  4. Stores minerals and fat
  5. Permits flexible body movement
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2
Q

what are the main components of the skeletal system

A

bones, cartillage, tendons and ligaments

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3
Q

ligaments

A

strong bands of fibrous connective tissue that hold bones together

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4
Q

what cartilage is associated with more with bone?

A

hylaine cartilage

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5
Q

how does a chondrocyte form

A

hyaline cartilage chondroblasts produce a matrix surrounding themselves. Once the matrix is surrounded the chondroblasts, the cells differentiate into chondrocytes

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6
Q

perichondrium

A

double layer of protective connective irregular tissue that surrounds cartilage with fibroblasts
contains contains blood vessels and nerves.

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7
Q

articular cartilage

A

hyaline cartilage that covers ends of bones where they come together to form joints, has no pericardium, blood vessels, or nerves.

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8
Q

appositional growth

A

chondroblasts in the perichondrium add new cartilage to the outside edge of the existing cartilage. the chondroblats lay down a new matrix and add new chondrocytes to the outside of the tissue

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9
Q

interstitial growth

A

chondrocytes in the center of the tissue divide and add more matrix in-between the existing cells.

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10
Q

by weight how much of bone matrix is organic and inorgnic

A

35% organic and 65% inorganic

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11
Q

what is the inorganic portion of bone

A

hydroxy apeptite, calcium phosphate crystal

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12
Q

what are the components for the major functional characteristics of bone

A

collagen and mineral components

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13
Q

what organelles are important in osteoblasts, and what do they do

A

ER and Ribosomes

they form collagen and proteoglycans which are packaged into vessicels from the golgi and released by exocytosis

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14
Q

how does ossification occur

A

appositionaly on the surface of prexisiting cartilage or bone

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15
Q

osteocyte

A

osteoblast the is completely surrounded by the matrix

mostly inactive

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16
Q

lacunae

A

spaces without the matrix but occupied by the osteocyte cell bodies

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17
Q

canaliculi

A

spaces that are occupied by the osteocyte cell extensions ]

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18
Q

what do osteoclasts do?

A

reabsorb, breakdown, of bone that mobilizes crucial Ca + and phosphate ions for use in many metablic processes

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19
Q

osteochondrial progenitor cells

A

are stem cells that can become osteoblasts or chondroblasts

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20
Q

where are osteochondrial progenitor cells located?

A

inner layer of the perichondrium and in layers of the CT that cover the bone

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21
Q

what do the collagen fibers do to the bone matrix

A

lend flexible strength to the matrix

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22
Q

woven bone

A

weak and new bone

randomly oriented fibers in many directions

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23
Q

bone remodeling

A

process of removing old bone and

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24
Q

lamellar bone

A

is mature bone that is organized into thin, concentric sheets or layers

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25
compact bone has more ____ and less ____
matrix and is denser with fewer pores than spongy bone
26
concentric lamellae
circular layers of bone matrix that surround the central canal
27
circumferential lamellae
on the outer surface of compact bone | thin plates that extend around the bones
28
interstitial lamellae
between ostedons | remnants of concentric or circumferential lamellae that were partially removed during bone remodeling
29
how do osteocytes recieve and eliminate waste products
through the canal system within compact bone
30
flat bones are
relatively thin, flattened, and usually curved
31
examples of irregular bones
vertebrae and facial bones
32
diaphysis
SHAFT | primarily made of compact bone but some spongy
33
where is the primary ossification center
diaphysis
34
epiphysis
part of the long bone that develops from a center of ossification distinct from the diaphysis one at the end of each long bone
35
epiphyseal plate
GROWTH PLATE located between the epiphysis and diaphysis growth in length
36
epiphyseal line
when bone stops growing in length, the epiphyseal pate turn in the epiphyseal line
37
medullary cavity
the hollow center of the diaphysis
38
the cavities of spongy bone and medullary cavity are filled with
marrow
39
red marrow
site of blood cell formation
40
yellow marrow
mostly adipose tissue completely replaces the red marrow in the long bones of the limbs, except for some red marrow in the proximal part of the arm bones and thighbones
41
marrow from fetus to adult
in fetus, the spaces within bones are filled with red marrow, red marrow begins to turns into yellow marrow just before birth and well into adulthood.
42
periosteum
a CT membrane covering the outer surface of a bone
43
what is the outer surface of bone
fibrous layer is dense irregular collagenous CT that contains blood vessels and nerves
44
what is the inner layer of bone
a single layer with osteoclasts, blasts and oseteochondrial progenitor cells
45
perforating fibers
bundles of collagen fibers that streghten the attachment of the tendons or ligaments to the bone
46
endosteum
single cell layers of connective tissue that line the internal surfaces of all cavities within bones such as the medullary cavity of the diaphysis and the smaller cavities in spongy and compact bone includes osteoclasts, blasts and oseteochondrial progenitor cells
47
sinuses
Air filled spaces lined by mucus membranes
48
intramembranous ossification
bone forms form pre-exisiting CT membranes
49
endochondralal ossification
bone forms fome a preexisting cartilage model
50
center of ossification
locations in the membrane where ossification begins | have the oldest bone
51
fontanels
soft spots | developing skull bones that have not yet been ossified
52
when does the formation of cartilage begin
the end of the 4th week of embryonic dev
53
endochondrial ossification begins
8th week of embryonic dev | but other cartilage may not start until 18-20 years
54
bone collar
is formed when osteoblasts produce compact bone on the surface of the cartillage model
55
secondary ossification centers
are created in the epiphysis by osteoblasts that migrate into the epiphysis
56
primary ossification centers appear
during early fetal development
57
secondary ossification centers appear
in the proximal epiphysis of the femur, humerus, and tibia about 1 month after birth
58
when does the last secondary ossification center appear
in the medial epiphysis of the clavicle | 18-20 years
59
metabolic disorders that affect the ___ affects bone growth
rate of cell proliferation or the production of collagen and the other matrix components
60
vitamin d
necessary for normal calcium absorbtion | rate of absorption increases when the skin is exposed to the sun
61
vitamin d can be
synthesized or ingested by the body
62
rickets
not enough vitamin d in children | reduced materialization of the bone matrix
63
osteomalacia
a softening f the bones due to calcium depletion | can cause adult rickets
64
vitamin c
neccessay for callogen synthesis by osteoblasts
65
vitamin c dificiency
results in bones and cartilage with fewer collagen fibers bc collagen synthesis is impaired retard growth in children scurcy for both adults and children
66
scurvy
marked by ulceration and hemorrhage in almost any area of the body because normal collagen sysnthesis is not occurring in CTs in extreme cases, teeth fall out because of the ligaments that hold them bread
67
growth hormone
from the anterior pituitary increases general tissue growth including overall bone growth, by stimulating interstitial cartilage growth and appositional bone growth
68
thyroid hormone
necessary for normal growth of all tissue including cartilage
69
reproductiv hormone
duruing puberty | stimulate ossification of epiphyseal plates and thus the cessation of growth
70
why do females stop growing earlier than males
estrogen vauses quicker closure of the epiphyseal plate than testosterone
71
bone remodeling
osteoclats remove old bone and osteoblasts deposit new bone | converts woven bone to lamellar bone
72
bone remodeling is involved in what processes
bone growth, changes in bone shape, adjustments of the bone to stress, bone repair, and calcium and ion regulation in the body
73
what is the structure of long bone
hollow cylinder with with medullary cavity in the center
74
what are the mechanic advantages of the structure of long bone
hollow cylinder is lighter than a solid rod hollow cylinder with the same height, weight, composition as a solid rod but with greater diameter, can support much more weight without bending
75
basic multicellular unit BMU
a temporary assembly of osteoclasts and osteoblasts that travels through of across the surface of bone
76
what is the average lifespan of a BMU
6 months
77
mechanical stress applied to bone
increases osteoblast activity in bone tissue
78
pressure in bone
causes an electrical change that increases the activity of ostoblasts
79
hematoma
is a localized mass of blood released from blood vessels but confined within an organ or a space.
80
callus
mass of tissue that forms at a fracture site and onnects the broken ends of the bone
81
internal callus
forms between then ends of broken bone, as well as in the marrow cavity if the fracture occurs in the disphysis id a long bone
82
exterenal callus
forms a collar around the opposing ends of the bone fragments.
83
what determines Ca levels
bone | major storage of ca
84
calcium ions move
into the bone as osteoblats build new bone, and move out as osteoclasts break down bone.
85
how is cacium maintained by homeostasis
When blood Ca k=levels are low, osteoclastss activity increase bc osteoclasts release more Ca from bone into the blood than osteoblasts remove from the blood to make new bone
86
calcium homeostasis is controlled by what hormones
parathyroid H, vitamin D, and calcitonin from C cells in the thyroid gland
87
PTH
is the major regulator of blood Ca levels
88
PTH is secreted from the parathyroid glands
when blood Ca levels are too low, stimulates an increase in the number of osteoclasts, which break down the bone and elevate blood Ca levels.
89
Which of these connective tissue types has proteoglycans in its matrix?
cartilage
90
Cartilage
often occurs in thin plates or sheets. | receives nutrients and oxygen by diffusion.
91
Which portion of a long bone stores yellow marrow in adults?
the medullary cavity
92
Which of these substances is present in the largest quantity in bone? A) collagen B) hydroxyapatite C) proteoglycan aggregates D) lacunae cartilage
B Hydroxyapeptie
93
whats structures are found in osteons
A) concentric lamella B) interstitial lamella C) circumferential lamella D) periosteum
94
In endochondral ossification, the perichondrium that surrounded the hyaline cartilage becomes
periosteum
95
Growth in the length of a long bone stops when
appositional growth at the periosteum stops
96
Which type of bone growth is responsible for an increase in the diameter of bones?
appositional growth
97
PTH is secreted from the __________ , whereas calcitonin is secreted from the __________ .
parathyroid gland, thyroid gland
98
Parathyroid hormone causes
increased bone breakdown.

Anatomy & Physiology 1 (14 decks)

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