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Anatomy & Physiology 1 > ch6 > Flashcards

ch6 Flashcards

1
Q

Main functions of the skeleton

A
  1. Supports the body
  2. Organ protection
  3. Produces blood cells
  4. Stores minerals and fat
  5. Permits flexible body movement
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2
Q

what are the main components of the skeletal system

A

bones, cartillage, tendons and ligaments

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3
Q

ligaments

A

strong bands of fibrous connective tissue that hold bones together

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4
Q

what cartilage is associated with more with bone?

A

hylaine cartilage

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5
Q

how does a chondrocyte form

A

hyaline cartilage chondroblasts produce a matrix surrounding themselves. Once the matrix is surrounded the chondroblasts, the cells differentiate into chondrocytes

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6
Q

perichondrium

A

double layer of protective connective irregular tissue that surrounds cartilage with fibroblasts
contains contains blood vessels and nerves.

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7
Q

articular cartilage

A

hyaline cartilage that covers ends of bones where they come together to form joints, has no pericardium, blood vessels, or nerves.

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8
Q

appositional growth

A

chondroblasts in the perichondrium add new cartilage to the outside edge of the existing cartilage. the chondroblats lay down a new matrix and add new chondrocytes to the outside of the tissue

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9
Q

interstitial growth

A

chondrocytes in the center of the tissue divide and add more matrix in-between the existing cells.

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10
Q

by weight how much of bone matrix is organic and inorgnic

A

35% organic and 65% inorganic

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11
Q

what is the inorganic portion of bone

A

hydroxy apeptite, calcium phosphate crystal

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12
Q

what are the components for the major functional characteristics of bone

A

collagen and mineral components

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13
Q

what organelles are important in osteoblasts, and what do they do

A

ER and Ribosomes

they form collagen and proteoglycans which are packaged into vessicels from the golgi and released by exocytosis

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14
Q

how does ossification occur

A

appositionaly on the surface of prexisiting cartilage or bone

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15
Q

osteocyte

A

osteoblast the is completely surrounded by the matrix

mostly inactive

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16
Q

lacunae

A

spaces without the matrix but occupied by the osteocyte cell bodies

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17
Q

canaliculi

A

spaces that are occupied by the osteocyte cell extensions ]

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18
Q

what do osteoclasts do?

A

reabsorb, breakdown, of bone that mobilizes crucial Ca + and phosphate ions for use in many metablic processes

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19
Q

osteochondrial progenitor cells

A

are stem cells that can become osteoblasts or chondroblasts

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20
Q

where are osteochondrial progenitor cells located?

A

inner layer of the perichondrium and in layers of the CT that cover the bone

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21
Q

what do the collagen fibers do to the bone matrix

A

lend flexible strength to the matrix

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22
Q

woven bone

A

weak and new bone

randomly oriented fibers in many directions

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23
Q

bone remodeling

A

process of removing old bone and

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24
Q

lamellar bone

A

is mature bone that is organized into thin, concentric sheets or layers

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25
Q

compact bone has more ____ and less ____

A

matrix and is denser with fewer pores than spongy bone

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26
Q

concentric lamellae

A

circular layers of bone matrix that surround the central canal

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27
Q

circumferential lamellae

A

on the outer surface of compact bone

thin plates that extend around the bones

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28
Q

interstitial lamellae

A

between ostedons

remnants of concentric or circumferential lamellae that were partially removed during bone remodeling

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29
Q

how do osteocytes recieve and eliminate waste products

A

through the canal system within compact bone

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30
Q

flat bones are

A

relatively thin, flattened, and usually curved

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31
Q

examples of irregular bones

A

vertebrae and facial bones

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32
Q

diaphysis

A

SHAFT

primarily made of compact bone but some spongy

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33
Q

where is the primary ossification center

A

diaphysis

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34
Q

epiphysis

A

part of the long bone that develops from a center of ossification distinct from the diaphysis
one at the end of each long bone

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35
Q

epiphyseal plate

A

GROWTH PLATE
located between the epiphysis and diaphysis
growth in length

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36
Q

epiphyseal line

A

when bone stops growing in length, the epiphyseal pate turn in the epiphyseal line

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37
Q

medullary cavity

A

the hollow center of the diaphysis

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38
Q

the cavities of spongy bone and medullary cavity are filled with

A

marrow

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39
Q

red marrow

A

site of blood cell formation

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40
Q

yellow marrow

A

mostly adipose tissue
completely replaces the red marrow in the long bones of the limbs, except for some red marrow in the proximal part of the arm bones and thighbones

41
Q

marrow from fetus to adult

A

in fetus, the spaces within bones are filled with red marrow,
red marrow begins to turns into yellow marrow just before birth and well into adulthood.

42
Q

periosteum

A

a CT membrane covering the outer surface of a bone

43
Q

what is the outer surface of bone

A

fibrous layer is dense irregular collagenous CT that contains blood vessels and nerves

44
Q

what is the inner layer of bone

A

a single layer with osteoclasts, blasts and oseteochondrial progenitor cells

45
Q

perforating fibers

A

bundles of collagen fibers that streghten the attachment of the tendons or ligaments to the bone

46
Q

endosteum

A

single cell layers of connective tissue that line the internal surfaces of all cavities within bones such as the medullary cavity of the diaphysis and the smaller cavities in spongy and compact bone
includes osteoclasts, blasts and oseteochondrial progenitor cells

47
Q

sinuses

A

Air filled spaces lined by mucus membranes

48
Q

intramembranous ossification

A

bone forms form pre-exisiting CT membranes

49
Q

endochondralal ossification

A

bone forms fome a preexisting cartilage model

50
Q

center of ossification

A

locations in the membrane where ossification begins

have the oldest bone

51
Q

fontanels

A

soft spots

developing skull bones that have not yet been ossified

52
Q

when does the formation of cartilage begin

A

the end of the 4th week of embryonic dev

53
Q

endochondrial ossification begins

A

8th week of embryonic dev

but other cartilage may not start until 18-20 years

54
Q

bone collar

A

is formed when osteoblasts produce compact bone on the surface of the cartillage model

55
Q

secondary ossification centers

A

are created in the epiphysis by osteoblasts that migrate into the epiphysis

56
Q

primary ossification centers appear

A

during early fetal development

57
Q

secondary ossification centers appear

A

in the proximal epiphysis of the femur, humerus, and tibia about 1 month after birth

58
Q

when does the last secondary ossification center appear

A

in the medial epiphysis of the clavicle

18-20 years

59
Q

metabolic disorders that affect the ___ affects bone growth

A

rate of cell proliferation or the production of collagen and the other matrix components

60
Q

vitamin d

A

necessary for normal calcium absorbtion

rate of absorption increases when the skin is exposed to the sun

61
Q

vitamin d can be

A

synthesized or ingested by the body

62
Q

rickets

A

not enough vitamin d in children

reduced materialization of the bone matrix

63
Q

osteomalacia

A

a softening f the bones due to calcium depletion

can cause adult rickets

64
Q

vitamin c

A

neccessay for callogen synthesis by osteoblasts

65
Q

vitamin c dificiency

A

results in bones and cartilage with fewer collagen fibers bc collagen synthesis is impaired
retard growth in children
scurcy for both adults and children

66
Q

scurvy

A

marked by ulceration and hemorrhage in almost any area of the body because normal collagen sysnthesis is not occurring in CTs
in extreme cases, teeth fall out because of the ligaments that hold them bread

67
Q

growth hormone

A

from the anterior pituitary increases general tissue growth including overall bone growth, by stimulating interstitial cartilage growth and appositional bone growth

68
Q

thyroid hormone

A

necessary for normal growth of all tissue including cartilage

69
Q

reproductiv hormone

A

duruing puberty

stimulate ossification of epiphyseal plates and thus the cessation of growth

70
Q

why do females stop growing earlier than males

A

estrogen vauses quicker closure of the epiphyseal plate than testosterone

71
Q

bone remodeling

A

osteoclats remove old bone and osteoblasts deposit new bone

converts woven bone to lamellar bone

72
Q

bone remodeling is involved in what processes

A

bone growth, changes in bone shape, adjustments of the bone to stress, bone repair, and calcium and ion regulation in the body

73
Q

what is the structure of long bone

A

hollow cylinder with with medullary cavity in the center

74
Q

what are the mechanic advantages of the structure of long bone

A

hollow cylinder is lighter than a solid rod
hollow cylinder with the same height, weight, composition as a solid rod but with greater diameter, can support much more weight without bending

75
Q

basic multicellular unit BMU

A

a temporary assembly of osteoclasts and osteoblasts that travels through of across the surface of bone

76
Q

what is the average lifespan of a BMU

A

6 months

77
Q

mechanical stress applied to bone

A

increases osteoblast activity in bone tissue

78
Q

pressure in bone

A

causes an electrical change that increases the activity of ostoblasts

79
Q

hematoma

A

is a localized mass of blood released from blood vessels but confined within an organ or a space.

80
Q

callus

A

mass of tissue that forms at a fracture site and onnects the broken ends of the bone

81
Q

internal callus

A

forms between then ends of broken bone, as well as in the marrow cavity if the fracture occurs in the disphysis id a long bone

82
Q

exterenal callus

A

forms a collar around the opposing ends of the bone fragments.

83
Q

what determines Ca levels

A

bone

major storage of ca

84
Q

calcium ions move

A

into the bone as osteoblats build new bone, and move out as osteoclasts break down bone.

85
Q

how is cacium maintained by homeostasis

A

When blood Ca k=levels are low, osteoclastss activity increase bc osteoclasts release more Ca from bone into the blood than osteoblasts remove from the blood to make new bone

86
Q

calcium homeostasis is controlled by what hormones

A

parathyroid H, vitamin D, and calcitonin from C cells in the thyroid gland

87
Q

PTH

A

is the major regulator of blood Ca levels

88
Q

PTH is secreted from the parathyroid glands

A

when blood Ca levels are too low, stimulates an increase in the number of osteoclasts, which break down the bone and elevate blood Ca levels.

89
Q

Which of these connective tissue types has proteoglycans in its matrix?

A

cartilage

90
Q

Cartilage

A

often occurs in thin plates or sheets.

receives nutrients and oxygen by diffusion.

91
Q

Which portion of a long bone stores yellow marrow in adults?

A

the medullary cavity

92
Q

Which of these substances is present in the largest quantity in bone?

A)	collagen
B)	hydroxyapatite
C)	proteoglycan aggregates
D)	lacunae cartilage
A

B Hydroxyapeptie

93
Q

whats structures are found in osteons

A

A) concentric lamella
B) interstitial lamella
C) circumferential lamella
D) periosteum

94
Q

In endochondral ossification, the perichondrium that surrounded the hyaline cartilage becomes

A

periosteum

95
Q

Growth in the length of a long bone stops when

A

appositional growth at the periosteum stops

96
Q

Which type of bone growth is responsible for an increase in the diameter of bones?

A

appositional growth

97
Q

PTH is secreted from the __________ , whereas calcitonin is secreted from the __________ .

A

parathyroid gland, thyroid gland

98
Q

Parathyroid hormone causes

A

increased bone breakdown.

Anatomy & Physiology 1 (14 decks)

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